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HOS Unit 2 > 34 Physiological adjustments to exercise > Flashcards

34 Physiological adjustments to exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what is VO2 max?

A

the maximum about of O2 that a person can consume during physical work, and is a measure of maximum cardiovascular function.

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2
Q

T/F Ventilation is often the limiting factor for VO2?

A

False, this is almost never the case. The exception would be with someone with lung disease.

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3
Q

what happens to cardiac output during exercise?

A

It will increase 5 fold!

However, if you are a trained athlete like me, it can increase up to 8 fold and put out 40L/min.

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4
Q

What is the VO2 max equation?

A

VO2 max= CO(max) x (a-v)O2 difference (max)

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5
Q

what is aerobic power?

A

aerobic power is a measure of the maximal amount of external physical work a person can perform over a given period.
(its VO2 represented in liters/min)

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6
Q

what happens to blood lactate as you reach and exceed your VO2 max?

A

lactate levels shoot up dramatically because the body has to do more anaerobic respiration to keep up with the demands.

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7
Q

If you have an athlete and a non-athlete who become injured and are bedridden for 4 weeks, which of the two will have a lower VO2 max?

A

Well, the person who started with the lower VO2 max which would be the non- athlete. However, the athlete would have a greater (percentage) reduction in VO2 max over the time period. Basically, the more you have, the more you loose in the same time frame.

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8
Q

T/F The lower the initial level of max VO2, the greater the increase with training?

A

True

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9
Q

what causes the increases in VO2 max in a child? an adult?

A

child (due to increases in SV and a-vO2 difference.

adult (only due to SV increases)

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10
Q

What is the trend for VO2 max in life? at what age are you at your peak?

A

initially it increases until puberty, then falls. It once again increased during the late teens up to the age of 20. From 20 its all down hill.

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11
Q

why do women generally have lower VO2 max values?

A

Because of lower hemoglobin.

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12
Q

T/F Men and women have about the same VO2 max values before puberty?

A

True.

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13
Q

what does the ATP-phosphocreatine system do?

A

It allows for quick energy by adding a phosphate to ADP. The enzyme is called creatine kinase (CK)
ADP + phosphocreatine—->creatine + ATP

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14
Q

If I get up from my resting position, which energy method am I primarily using?

A

primarily the ATP-phosphocreatine system (<60 seconds)

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15
Q

T/F PCr energy can be used directly for cellular work?

A

False, PCr has to first be added to ADP so that work can be done.

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16
Q

How long does it take for PCr to become regenerated during rest?

A

about 3 minutes

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17
Q

when breaking down glycogen and using it in glycolysis, how much energy do I get? How much energy from glucose?

A 
Glycogen= 3 net ATP
Glucose= 2 net ATP
18
Q

How long can the glycogen pathway sustain my energy demands during exercise?

A

up to 2 minutes (other source notes say 1-5 min)

19
Q

what are some CONS about using glycolysis?

A

1) inefficient
2) buildup of lactic acid
3) lactic acid can impair further glycolysis and muscle contraction.

20
Q

what are some PROS about using glycolysis?

A

1) fast
2) anaerobic
3) allows for short term high energy exercise

21
Q

how much ATP will be generated using glucose through the oxidative system? Glycogen?

A

glucose=32 ATP

glycogen=33 ATP

22
Q

How many ATP are produced through the breakdown of palmitic acid?

A

106 ATP

23
Q

what is the major source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

triglycerides (one glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

24
Q

How does the body use the triacylglycerides?

A

triacylglycerides–>lipase–>glycerol and fatty acid–>mitochondria beta oxidation–> acetyl Coa—>Krebs cycle–>ETC

25
Q

What is the RER?

A

Respiratory Exchange Rate. It is a measure of gas exchange at the lung.
RER=volume of CO2 produced / volume 02 uptake

26
Q

what does a RER of 1.0 mean? what about 0.7?

A

RER of 1.0 means the body is burning all carbs
RER of .7 means the body is burning mostly fats
(anywhere in between would be a mixture of the 2)

27
Q

above exercise intensities of 70% of maximum, what is the main source of energy?

A

Glucose

28
Q

What is the idea behind glycogen sparing with physical training?

A

It states that the better shape that you are in, the more that you will use fats, and your glycogen stores will be higher than in a non trained individual.

29
Q

which type of tissue in the body has the greatest capacity to increase its metabolic rate?

A

muscle tissue

30
Q

what innervates type 1 slow twitch muscle fibers?

what about type 2?

A 
small A(alpha)2 motor neurons
larger A(alpha)1 motor neurons
31
Q

Type I fibers are called what?
Type IIa fibers are called what?
Type IIx fibers are called what?

A

Slow oxidative fibers (SO)
Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers(FOG)
Fast glycolytic fibers (FG)

32
Q

what percent of muscle fibers are SO? FOG? FG?

A

SO—50%
FOG—25%
FG—25%
(note that long distance runners would have more SO fibers while a body builder would have more FG fibers)

33
Q

what determines what percentage of SO, FOG, and FG fibers you have?

A

mainly genetics, but some training.

34
Q

What is the Henneman size principal?

A

It states that are you go to pick something up, you activate the type 1 fibers first, and if there isn’t enough strength, then type 2 motor neurons are activated to move the object.
Exception: high velocity activities

35
Q

In general, Type IIa fibers are intermediate between type I and type IIx muscle fibers. The exceptions are?

A

Type IIa: So these are not considered intermediates and are like the type IIx muscle fibers

Speed
PC stores
glycogen stores
mysosin ATPase activity
glycolytic enzyme activity
36
Q

How does muscle get bigger?

A

Through hypertrophy and not hyperplasia. Increase in sarcomeres predominantly in type II fibers.

37
Q

what does strength training do to muscle fibers as far as size?

A

strength training causes hypertrophy in both types, and that is about it.
Note: lactate buffering capacity also increases with anaerobic exercise training.

38
Q

In general what does endurance training do for ST fibers and FT fibers?

A

The effects are the same for both all types!

1) increased oxidative capacity
2) increased glycogen content
3) increased fat oxidation
4) increased capillary density
5) increased mitochondria

39
Q

Strength gains in the initial six weeks of going to the gym are due to?

A

improved motor recruitment

suppression of self protective reflexes

40
Q

T/F endurance exercise does not enhance strength gains from resistance exercise, but resistance exercise does improve endurance exercise performance?

A

True

HOS Unit 2 (21 decks)

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