3.4 Genetics and Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four stages of cell eukaryotic cell division?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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2
Q

What is chromatin

A

The unravelled form of chromosomes

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long DNA molecule associated with another protein (usually a histone protein)

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4
Q

How many centromeres in one chromosome?

A

1

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5
Q

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

Unidentical chromosomes with DNA that codes for the same features in the same place.

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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle (not PMAT) and what do they stand for?

A

G1,growth phase 1
S, synthesis phase
G2, growth phase
M, mitosis

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7
Q

What happens in the four stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M)

A

G1- cell grows, normal processes occur
S- chromatids replicate
G2- cells build up ATP, DNA is screened
M- PMAT

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8
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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9
Q

What happens in Prophase? (4)

A

1- chromosomes condense
2- centromeres move to poles
3- spindle fibres form
4- nuclear envelope breaks down

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10
Q

What happens in Metaphase? (3)

A

1- centrosomes arrive at opposite poles
2-chromosomes line up at equator
3- spindle fibres attach to centromeres

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11
Q

What happens in Anaphase? (2)

A

1- sister chromatids separate at centromere
2- spindle pulls chromatids to opposite ends of cell

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12
Q

What happens in Telophase?(3)

A

1- chromosomes decondense back into chromatin
2- nuclear envelope & nucleolus reform
3- spindle breaks down

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13
Q

What happens after Mitosis? (Name and what actually happens)

A

Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides

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14
Q

What controls cell division?

A

Proteins called cyclins

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15
Q

What controls cell division?

A

Proteins called cyclins

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16
Q

What type of tumour does not lead to cancer?

A

Benign tumours

17
Q

How do malignant tumours spread?

A

Through blood or lymph vessels

18
Q

What is the process of a tumours spreading called, and what type of tumour is formed?

A

Metastasis forms a metastatic tumour

19
Q

What three ways can tumours cause damage?

A

Pinch blood vessels
Outcompete organs for nutrients
Damage organs

20
Q

How do prokaryotes divide (name)

A

Binary fission

21
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A

DNA replicates
Plasmids replicate ( more than once)
Cytoplasm divides

22
Q

How does viral replication work?
(4)

A

Attachment proteins attach to host cell surface markers
Virus injects nucleus acid into host cell
The host cells ribosomes produce new viral particles
Virus is released through budding or bursting

23
Q

How do viruses cause damage?

A

Reduce/ inhibit normal cell function

24
Q

What two enzymes do viruses contain and what do the enzymes do?

A

Reverse transcriptase converts RNA into DNA to be inserted into genome

Integrate inserts viral DNA into host cells genome

25
Q

What are the two ways of release in viral replication and what occurs in each

A

In budding the virus leaves through membrane and becomes enveloped (takes the membrane with it)
In bursting the cell bursts and all cells leave at once producing an unenvoloped virus