3.4 (fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference)

Question 1

fallacies of presumption

Answer 1

(begging the question, complex question, false dichotomy, and suppressed evidence) arise not because the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion or provide insufficient reason for believing the conclusion bu because the premises presume what they purport to prove.

Question 2

fallacies of ambiguity

Answer 2

(equivocation and amphiboly) arise from the occurrence of some form of ambiguity in either the premises or the conclusion (or both).

Question 3

Fallacies of illicit transference

Answer 3

(composition and division) involve the incorrect transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole or from the whole onto the parts.

Question 4

Petitio Principii

Answer 4

Begging the question:(FoP) is committed whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false key premise.

Question 5

Complex Question

Answer 5

(FoP) is committed when 2 or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both of them.

Question 6

False Dichotomy

Answer 6

(FoP) is committed when a disjunctive (Either or) premise presents 2 unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion.

Question 7

Suppressed Evidence

Answer 7

(FoP) The premises cannot ignore some important piece of evidence that outweighs the presented evidence and entails a very different conclusion. If an inductive argument does ignore such evidence then it commits this fallacy.

Question 8

Equivocation

Answer 8

(FoA) when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, wither explicitly or implicitly, in 2 different sense in the argument.

Question 9

Amphiboly

Answer 9

(FoA) occurs when the arguer misinterprets an ambiguous statement and then draws a conclusion based on this faulty interpretation.

Question 10

Composition

Answer 10

(FoIT) committed when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole. Basically, when it is argued that because the parts have a certain attributes it follows that the whole has that attribute too. Be careful not to confuse with Hasty Generalization. This is a collective/class argument.

Question 11

Divison

Answer 11

(FoIT) goes from whole to parts. When the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from a whole (or a class) onto its parts (or members).