3.2 (Fallacies of relevance)

Question 1

Ad Baculum

Answer 1

Appeal to force: whenever an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him or her if he or she does not accept the conclusion

Question 2

Ad Misericordiam

Answer 2

Appeal to pity: occurs when an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener. This pity may be be directed toward the arguer or to some third party.

Question 3

Ad Populum

Answer 3

Appeal to the people: uses these desires to get the reader or listener to accept a conclusion (direct and indirect)

Question 4

Appeal to fear

Answer 4

Under Ad populum: an appeal to negative emotions to generate mob mentality. (direct)

Question 5

Bandwagon

Answer 5

Under Ad populum: everybody believes X so you should too (indirect)

Question 6

Appeal to Vanity

Answer 6

Under Ad populum: often involves linking the love, admiration, or approval o the crowd with some famous figure who is loved, admired, or approved of. (indirect)

Question 7

Appeal to Snobbery

Answer 7

Under Ad populum: arguer appeals to a smaller group that is supposed to be superior in some way. (indirect)

Question 8

Appeal to tradition

Answer 8

Under Ad populum: when arguer cites the fact that something has become tradition as grounds for some conclusion. (indirect)

Question 9

Ad Hominem

Answer 9

Argument against the person: Involves 2 arguers that attack a person’s character and not their argument. (3 forms)

Question 10

Ad hominem abusive

Answer 10

the second person responds to the first person’s argument by verbally abusing the first person.

Question 11

Ad hominem circumstantial

Answer 11

begins the same way abusive does bur instead of heaping verbal abuse on his or her opponent the respondent attempts to discredit the person’s argument by alluding to certain circumstances that affect the opponent.

Question 12

tu quoque

Answer 12

“You too” the second arguer attempts to make the first appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith.

Question 13

Accident

Answer 13

occurs when a general rules is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover

Question 14

Straw man

Answer 14

when an arguer distorts an opponent’s argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes the distorted argument, and then concludes that the opponent’s real argument has been demolished.

Question 15

Ignoratio Elenchi

Answer 15

Missing the Point:occurs when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, bu then a different conclusion, often vaguely related to the correct conclusion, is drawn.

Question 16

Red Herring

Answer 16

when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by changing the subject to a different but sometimes subtly related one.