3.4- Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Question 1

Nuclear envelope

Answer 1

Double membrane surrounding nucleus- controls entry and exit of materials in and out of nucleus

Question 2

Nuclear pores

Answer 2

Allows passage of large molecules eg messenger RNA out of nucleus around 3000 pores in each nucleus

Question 3

Nucleoplasm

Answer 3

Jelly like material making up bulk of nucleus

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

Consist of protein bound linear DNA

Question 5

Nucleolus

Answer 5

Small spherical region within nucleoplasm- manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

Question 6

Does the mitochondria have a double membrane?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Cristae

Answer 7

Extensions of the inner membrane of mitochondria- provide large surface area for attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration

Question 8

Matrix

Answer 8

Makes up reminder of mitochondrion- contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA- allows mitochondria to control production of their own proteins- involved respiration

Question 9

Chloroplast envelope

Answer 9

Double plasma membrane surrounds organelle- highly selective in what it allows to enter and leave

Question 10

Grana

Answer 10

Stacks disc structures called thylakoids

Question 11

Stroma

Answer 11

Fluid filled matrix where second stage photosynthesis takes place

Question 12

How are chloroplasts adapted to their function of harvesting sunlight and carrying out photosynthesis?

Answer 12

Granal membranes provide large surface area
Fluid of stroma possesses all enzymes needed to make sugars in 2nd stage photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes so they can quickly manufacture proteins

Question 13

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

system of sheet like membranes, spreading through cytoplasm

Question 14

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 14

ribosomes present on outer surfaces of membranes

Question 15

functions of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 15

a) provide large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
b) provide pathway for transport of materials, especially proteins

Question 16

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 16

lacks ribosomes on it’s surface, more tubular in appearance

Question 17

functions of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 17

a) synthesise, store and transport lipids
b) synthesise store and transport carbohydrates

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

series of fluid filled, flattened and curved sacs with vesicles surrounding the edges

Question 19

What does the Golgi apparatus produce?

Answer 19

lysosomes

Question 20

What is the job of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

processes and packages proteins and lipids

Question 21

when are lysosomes formed ?

Answer 21

when vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases

Question 22

Function of lysosomes

Answer 22

remove useless and dangerous material e.g bacteria and reuse the useful parts, disposing of only that which cannot be recycled

Question 23

centrioles

Answer 23

hollow cylinders, involved in producing spindle fibres for cell division

Question 24

ribosomes

Answer 24

site of protein synthesis, composed of 2 sub units

Question 25

what ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 25

80S

Question 26

what ribosomes are found in Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 26

70S

Question 27

lysosomes

Answer 27

vesicles containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane

Question 28

What is the cell wall made of ?

Answer 28

peptidoglycan

Question 29

capsule

Answer 29

protective slimy layer which helps cell to retain moisture and adhere to surfaces

Question 30

pili

Answer 30

hair like structures which attach to other bacterial cells

Question 31

mesosomes

Answer 31

Infoldings of the inner membrane which contain enzymes required for respiration

Question 32

function of vacuole

Answer 32

support plants, make turgid
sugars and amino acids make temporary food store
pigments may color petals to attract pollinating insects

Question 33

what is the name of the single membrane surrounding the vacuole?

Answer 33

tonoplast