3.4 Communication and Social Behaviour Flashcards
Definition of infant attachment
The strong emotional bond that develops between the child and the primary carer, providing the child with a secure base from which to explore the surroundings
Why early infant attachment is important
It allows the child to develop into trusting and resilient adults who are able to form stable relationships
What the first type of attachment is like
Indiscriminate
When specific attachment forms in a child
Between 6 to 9 months
What children with secure attachment can do
Investigate their immediate environment helping the development of cognative abilities
Two types of insecure attachment
- detached
* resistant
Traits of disorganised insecure attachment
Inconsistent responses assiciated with both detached and resistant
In the Strange Situation, how the child’s behaviour is scored
- how much the child explores
- the reaction upon separation with the mother
- the reaction when reunited with the mother
- the level of anxiety when left alone with the stranger
The first sparation episode in the Strange Situation
When the mother leaves the child with the stranger
The first reunion episode in the Strange Situation
Mother returns to the child and plays with it while the stranger leaves
The second separation episode in the Strange Situation
The mother leaves the room, leaving the child alone
The second reunion episode in the Strange Situation
The morher returns and the stranger leaves again
The Strange Situation-
Behaviour of a child with secure attachment
- explores freely, plays with toys
- displays major distress when mother leaves
- resists offer of comfort from stranger when offered in absense of mother
- when mother returns goes immediately to her and calms, then returning to playing
The Strange Situation-
Behaviour of a child with detached insecure attachment
- initially doesn’t explore much
- indifference when mother leaves
- accepts comfort from stranger
- ignores mother or walks towards her looking away
The Strange Situation-
Behaviour of a child with resistant insecure attachment
- initially does not explore
- shows major distress when mother leaves
- resists offer of comfort from stranger
- when mother returns, seeks her but resists comfort, shows signs of anger
The Strange Situation-
What psychologists interperate from behaviour of secure child
- Child is attached to mother
* Mother is loving and sensitive to child’s needs
The Strange Situation-
What psychologists interperate from behaviour of detached insecure child
- treats mother and stranger the same
* mother is inept and insensitive
The Strange Situation-
What psychologists interperate from behaviour of resistant insecure child
- erratically attached to mother
* morher irritated by child
Why humans have a long period of dependancy on adults
To allow time for socialisation and learning to occur
What a socially competent person is able to do
- react appropriately in social situations
- gain the knowledge and problen solving skills needed to funtion in adult life
- form stable relationships and demonstrate feelings towards others
Two types of parental control
- authoritative
* permissive
Effect of Authoritative control
- Demanding but responsive
* Generallt results in greater social competence than permissive control
Effect of permissive control
Excessively lenient
Examples of authoritative parenting
- warm, nurturing, emotionally supportive
- sets limits, rules and high standards, explains the reason for them
- gives direction, expects responsible behaviour and cooperation
- explains the consequenses of unacceptable behaviour
Examples of permissive parenting
- warm and nurturing
- responsive to the child’s needs and wishes
- does not set limits or responsibilities
- “no dicipline” approach, does not try to keep the child under control
- does not encourage child to aim for a high standard of behaviour
Definition of communication
The exchange of facts, information, feelings, ideas and opinions between people
Use of verbal communication
Used in:
• transmission of knowledge
• development of culture
• social evolution
What language can be grouped into
- catagories (words)
* hierarchies (phrases, sentences and paragraphs)
How knowledge and descoveries are passed on
- spoken word (conversations, tv, radio, phonecalls)
* written word (letter, email, books, newspapers)
Why it is important that knowledge and discoveries are passed on
It accelerates learning and intellectual development
What language development in a child is dependent on
The child’s environment
Definition of nonverbal communication
Wordless signals that are passed between us, which indicate attitudes and emotions as well as acting as an aid to verbal communication
What nonverbal communication in important in doing
The formation of relationships between individuals
Examples of non verbal communication
- facial expression
- personal space
- eye contact
- body posture and hand gestures
- tone, volume and pitch of voice
The effect non verbal communication can have on spoken language
Reinforce or contradict spoken language
What Non cerbal communication can indicate
Attitude and emotion
Definition of learning
A change in behaviour as a result of experience
In humans how behaviour is learned
- observation
* imitation, where behaviour is observed and copied
What the repeated use of a motor skill results in
New neural pathways forming and procedural memories being established
Explain trial and error learning
A method of learning where various responses are tried and some discarded until a solution is obtained
Three types of trial and error learning
- reinforcement
- shaping
- extinction
Definition of reinforcement
When a particular behaviour is rewarded with positive consequenses so it is more likely to be repeated
Definition of shaping
Each time good behaviour is displayed it is rewarded or praised, successive improvements are continues to be rewarded as long as they come closer to the desired behaviour
Definition of extinction
When behaviour patterns are not rewarded and more likely to disappear
Definition of generalisation
And individual responding in a similar manner to different but related stimuli. Eg. Fear of all spiders
Definition of discrimination
When an individual gives a different reaction to related stimuli. Eg. A fear of big spiders, but not small ones
Definition of social facilitation
An increased level of performance in the presence of others
Definition of de-individuation
When an individual within a group loses their personal identity and takes on a group identity, behaving in a less appropriate manner
Definition of internalisation
The changing of beliefs as a result of persuasion
Definition of identification
The changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source
