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Hubs192 > 34-38 lectures > Flashcards

34-38 lectures Flashcards

1
Q

what are the male gonads?

A

testies

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2
Q

what are the female gonads?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what do genitalia allow us to do?

A

allows gametes to fuse and form an embryo

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4
Q

what does the pelvis comprise of?

A

hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

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5
Q

is the pelvic inlet open of close?

A

closed

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6
Q

what closes the pelvic outlet?

A

muscles

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7
Q

what is bigger the pelvic inlet of or outlet?

A

inlet

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8
Q

what is the lower area of the pelvis reffred to as?

A

the lesser/true pelvis

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9
Q

what is the superior part of the pelvis reffered to as?

A

the greater/false pelvis

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10
Q

what does the pelvic inlet contain?

A

the GI tract

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11
Q

what does the true pelvis contain?

A

the reproductive organs

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12
Q

what are the differences of the male and female pelvises?

A

females have a broarder subpubic angle, oval inlet and a straighter coccyx for supporta nd delivery of a baby
males have a narrower subpubic angle, heart shaped inlet and a curved coccyx

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13
Q

what is the angle of the subpubic angle in females?

A

greater than 100 degress

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14
Q

what is the angle of the subpubic angle of the male pelvis?

A

less than 90 degress

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15
Q

what are the 2 muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

levator ani,
coccygeus

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16
Q

what are the 3 openings of the pelvic floor?

A

urethra, anal canal, vagina (females)

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17
Q

what is the male perineum?

A

the region inferior to the pelvic floor anmd between the upper region of the thigh

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18
Q

what does the male perinuem consist of?

A

external genetalia and the anus

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19
Q

what si the anterior triangle of the male perineum?

A

urogenital triangle

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20
Q

what does the urogenital triangle have?

A

the urethral opening and external gentalia

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21
Q

what is the posterior triangle of the male perineum?

A

anal triangle

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22
Q

what does the anal triangl consist of?

A

anal canal and fat

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23
Q

what does the male reproductive system do?

A

produce spermatozoa and transport them into the female reproductive tract

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24
Q

what is the male reproductive system made out of?

A

testes, reproductive tract, accessory structures and glands

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25
Q

what does the scrotum do?

A

contains 2 testes and supports them

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26
Q

what is in the scrotum?

A

2 testes, 2 epididymides and 2 spermatic cords aswell as part of the ductus deferens

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27
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

sperm, testosterone and inhibin

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28
Q

why are the testes important?

A

maintaining homeostasis, regulating the reproductive tract, making testosterone to develop masculan characteristics

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29
Q

what are the testes surrounded by?

A

a dense fiborous capsule called the tunica albuginea

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30
Q

what are the lobes of the testes?

A

tightly coiled up seminferous tubules

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31
Q

where are the seminferous tubules located?

A

in the testes lobules

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32
Q

what do the tubules in the testes join to form?

A

rete testis

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33
Q

what do the rete testis join to form?

A

efferent ductules

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34
Q

where do efferent ductules lead to?

A

the epididymis

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35
Q

the pathway of semen in the testes?

A

tubules transport semen through the lume of the seminferous tubules and into the rete testis adn then out into the epididymis

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36
Q

what do the seminferous tubules have?

A

spermatogonia, nurse cells and interstitial endocrine cells

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37
Q

what are spermatogonia?

A

the stem cells of the testes

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38
Q

what do nurse cells of the testes do?

A

support the developing spermatozoa and produce inhibin

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39
Q

what do interstitial endocrine cells do?

A

in the connective tissue and produce testosterone

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40
Q

what is the epididymis split into?

A

head, body, tail

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41
Q

what does the epididymis do?

A

it is the site for sperm maturation where they gain the ability of motility

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42
Q

what is another word for the ductus deferens?

A

the vas deferens

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43
Q

what covers the start of the spermatic cord?

A

smooth muscle

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44
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A

the start of the spermatic cord

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45
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

where the spermatic cord dilates and is important for spermatozoa transport

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46
Q

where does the ejaclatory ducts open at?

A

the prostatic uerthra

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47
Q

what is the male urethra used for?

A

urination and ejaculation

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48
Q

what does the detrusor muscle of the internal urethral sphinter do?

A

closes to ensure sperm can ejaculate through the urethra

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49
Q

what is retrograde ejaculation?

A

when the sphincter doesnt close and sperm ends up in the bladder

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50
Q

what do the spermatic cords consist of?

A

ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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51
Q

what is the venous plexus?

A

a network that can allow the blood to be cooler when it returns to the body.
it allows thermal exchange between arteries and veins

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52
Q

what are the 2 functions of the penis?

A

urination and corpulation

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53
Q

what are the 3 segments of the penis?

A

root, body,glands

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54
Q

what is the crura?

A

a structure that splits towards the bulb of the penis and is erectile tissue

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55
Q

what are the 3 erectile tissues of the penis?

A

2 corpus cavernosas and 1 corpus spnogiosum

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56
Q

what are the corpus cavernosas?

A

the main erecrtile tissue and is the dorsal aspect

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57
Q

what does the corpus spongiosum consist of?

A

the urethra that forms the bulb and glands
this is the ventrical aspect

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58
Q

what feed the cavernosa blood during erections?

A

corpus arteries

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59
Q

why doesnt the spongiosum erect to the extent of the cavernosa?

A

because it contaians the urethra which has to stay open

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60
Q

what are the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral

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61
Q

what carries spermatozoa to the females reproductive tract?

A

seminal fluid

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62
Q

what is spermatozoa and seminal fluid together called?

A

semen

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63
Q

what does seminal fluid do?

A

provides protection to the spermatozoa and activates the spermatozoa and is alos an energy supply

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64
Q

what are seminal vesicles?

A

2 glandds that are posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla

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65
Q

what do seminal vesicles produce?

A

viscous secretions which make up to 60% of the semen
they also make alkaline pH to protect sperm against the acid enviroment of the urethra and vagina

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66
Q

where are the prostate glands?

A

inferior to the bladder and wraps around the prostatic urethra

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67
Q

what does the prostatic glands produce?

A

30% of the seminal fluid which is a slioghtly acidic milky fluid
it contains PSA

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68
Q

what is PSA?

A

prostate-specific antigen

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69
Q

what does PSA do?

A

protein specifically produced and can activate the sperm such as motility and viability

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70
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

2 glands located in the urogenital diaphragm at the spongy opening urethra

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71
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

is 5% of the semen
it lubricates and neutralises acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation
it is released to flush out any residual urine in the urethra

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72
Q

what makes up the last 5% of the semen?

A

spermatozoa

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73
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

surgical method of sterilisation in males where they cut the ductus deferens

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74
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

the formation of the gametes

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75
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

formation of sperm

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76
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of ovum

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77
Q

what occurs in gametogenesis?

A

meiosis and mitosis and the cells need to be haploid

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78
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis?

A

when spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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79
Q

when does spermatogenesis occur?

A

from puberty onwards

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80
Q

what is spermatogenesis 1?

A

spermatogonia is divided by mitosis into 2 daughter cells
one of the cells stay at the basement membrane because these are the stem cells to continue spermatogenesis

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81
Q

what is spermatogenesis 2?

A

the second spermatogonia differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which under goes meiosis 1.
it forms 2 secondary spermatocytes
both are haploids

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82
Q

what is spermatogenesis 3?

A

undergoes meiosis 2 to form spermatids
these differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body, tail via spermatogenesis
these spermatozoa are released into the lumen of the semiferous tubules

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83
Q

what covers the nucleus of the sperm?

A

acrosome

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84
Q

what does the acrosome do?

A

protects and makes the head of the sperm

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85
Q

what is gonadotropin do?

A

hormone that acts on the gonads
a releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus which transports through the anterior pituitary gland

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86
Q

what is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin

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87
Q

what is LH?

A

luteinizing hormone

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88
Q

what does the luteinizing hormone do?

A

its a gonadotropin and is produce by the anterior pituitary gland

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89
Q

what is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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90
Q

what does FSH do?

A

is a gonadotropin and is produced by the anterior pituatary glands

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91
Q

what produces inhibin?

A

nurse cells

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92
Q

what do leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

93
Q

what is testosterone?

A

a type of androgen which i a group of steriod hormones

94
Q

what are synthetic androgens?

A

steroids
used for therapeutic purposes to help if androgen is low

95
Q

what does LH stimulate?

A

production of testosterone which stimulates the production of testosterone

96
Q

what controls spermatozoa?

A

FSH and testosterone

97
Q

what does FSH stimulate?

A

inhibin production

98
Q

what does inhibin supress?

A

FSH which is a negative feedback to the anterior pituatary gland

99
Q

what does testosterone suppresses?

A

LH and GnRH which is a negative feedback to the hypothalymus and pituatary gland

100
Q

what does the female reproductive system do?

A

produces oocytes transports ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate site for fertilization, provides a site for developing embryo and fetus to grow and the delivery of the fetus

101
Q

what is the female periteum?

A

rejion the inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs

102
Q

what does the urogenital triangkle consist of?

A

external urethra called the vulva

103
Q

what does the female anal triangle consist of?

A

anus and fat pads

104
Q

what is the vulva?

A

the external genitalia

105
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

the front of the pubic symphysis

106
Q

what is the structure of the labia?

A

2 lip structure (major and minor)

107
Q

what is the major labia?

A

larger and more lateral

108
Q

what is the minor labia?

A

smaller and more medial

109
Q

what is the space between the major and minor labia called?

A

the vestibule

110
Q

where are the vestibule glands and what do they do?

A

deep top the labia and lubricates the vestibule surface

111
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

spreads around the vagina and the urethral opening

112
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

complex erectile organ
has glans, body, 2 crura, 2 bulbs

113
Q

what does the female reproductive tract consist of?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

114
Q

what is the lateral proportion of the uterine tubes called?

A

infundibulum

115
Q

what is the funnel shape with finger like projections of the uterine tube called?

A

fimbriae

116
Q

what is the middle section of the uterine tube called?

A

ampulla

117
Q

what is the female ampulla?

A

dilated area of the tube where fertilisation occurs normally

118
Q

what is the most medial section of the uterine tube called?

A

isthmus

119
Q

what is the isthmus?

A

narrow passage

120
Q

what are the 3 layers that make up the uterus?

A

perimetrium is the outer layer of connective tissue
myometrium is the middle layer of smooth muscle
endometrium is the inner layer which is made of columnar epithelium that also lines the uterine glands and arteries

121
Q

what is the cervix?

A

the cervical canal that provides a passage between uterine cavity and vagina

122
Q

what are the 3 segments of the cervix?

A

external os
cervical canal
internal os

123
Q

what does the cervix produce?

A

cervical mucus to regulate sperm transport

124
Q

what is the vagina?

A

a fibromuscular distensible female copulatory organ
also functions as a birth canal

125
Q

where does the vagina lie?

A

between the uterine bladder and the rectum
extends to the perineum to the cervix

126
Q

what is the blood supply to female reporductive system?

A

direct branches off the abdominal aorta and internal iliac arteries

127
Q

what supplies the ovaries blood?

A

the ovarian arteries

128
Q

what supplies the uterus with blood?

A

uterine arteries

129
Q

what supplies the vagina with the blood?

A

vaginal arteries

130
Q

where are the ovaries located?

A

bilateral structures which are lateral and postwerior to the uterus in the lateral portion of the true pelvic cavity

131
Q

what are the structures of the ovaries?

A

the outer cortex (follicles) and inner medulla

132
Q

what makes up the inner medulla of the ovaries?

A

connective tissue
blood/lymphatic vessels
nerves

133
Q

what happens at the ovaries?

A

site of oogenesis and hormone production

134
Q

where do the oocytes develop?

A

follicles

135
Q

what does the broad ligament of the perineum do?

A

folds and presses over structure to create other ligaments

136
Q

what does the broad ligaments split into?

A

mesometrium (of the womb)
mesasalpinx (of the tube)
mesovarium (of the ovary)

137
Q

what are the type of ligaments?

A

ovarian ligaments
suspensory ligamnets
round ligaments

138
Q

what is the vesiceuterine pouch?

A

the continuous fold of the braod ligament over anteriorly located bladder

139
Q

what is the rectouterine pouch?

A

continuous fold of broad ligament over posteriorly located rectum

140
Q

what do the breasts do?

A

function to norish infants and lies on pectoralis major muscles

141
Q

what stimulates the development of beast tissue?

A

estradiol and progesterone

142
Q

what are the structures of the breasts?

A

lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses, then opens at the nipple pores

143
Q

what supports the breast glands?

A

suspensory glands

144
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the development of the oocyte from oogonia

145
Q

what does oogenesis require?

A

mitosis and meiosis

146
Q

what is the cycle of ovulation?

A

1 in every around 28 days

147
Q

where do oocytes develop?

A

within ovarian follicles

148
Q

what increases the population of oogonia?

A

mitosis

149
Q

when does mitosis occur?

A

before birth

150
Q

what are primary oocyte encased in?

A

primordial follicle

151
Q

what do most oocytes undergo?

A

atresia

152
Q

what phase does meiosis halt at before puberty?

A

prophase 1

153
Q

what happens at puberty within girls?

A

around 300000 oocytes
under GnRH influence, a small number of follicles are recruited in each ovarian cycle

154
Q

how many oocytes complete development and become ovulate?

A

1

155
Q

what completes the meiosis 1?

A

primary oocyte

156
Q

what polar body is the secondary oocyte?

A

1st polar body

157
Q

what happens to secondary oocyte?

A

starts meiosis 2 and halts at metaphase 2 and is suspended until fertilisation

158
Q

when does meiossis 2 continue?

A

when sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation

159
Q

what happens to the oocyte if fertilisation doesnt occur?

A

it will degenerate and therefore never complete meiosis

160
Q

what are the follicles?

A

multi layered granulosa cells and theca cells

161
Q

what do granulosa cells produce?

A

estradiol

162
Q

what is ovulation?

A

the oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity

163
Q

what does the hypothalymus produce?

A

GnRH

164
Q

what does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

FSH
LH

165
Q

what does follicles produce?

A

estradiol
inhibin

166
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce?

A

inhibin
progesterone

167
Q

what does GnRH release?

A

FSH and LH

168
Q

what does FSH do in females?

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles

169
Q

what does LH do in females?

A

released in surges in ovulation and is the formation of corpus luteum

170
Q

what does estradiol assist with?

A

follicle growth, bone growth, muscle growth, endometrial growth, secondary sex characteristics and is the feedback to the anterior pituitaryw

171
Q

hat does inhibin do in the female?

A

negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

172
Q

what does progesterone do in females?

A

negative feedback to supress GnRH, endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state

173
Q

what is menarche?

A

first menstral period and occurs around the age 12-13 years on average

174
Q

what is menopause?

A

the cessation of menstration and occurs around the 50s
it is the reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absense of or lack of response by follicle
the anterior pituitary feedback is no longer active so (FSH and LH are high)

175
Q

what are the 2 phases of the reproductive cycle?

A

follicular and luteal

176
Q

what is the follicular phase?

A

preovulation
goes from day 1-14

177
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

postovulation
goes from day 15-28

178
Q

what happens during the follicular phase?

A

FSH is incraesed to stimulate follicular growth
this growth secretes estradiol and inhibin
this reduces FSH and the growing follicle undergoes atresia except for the dominant follicle
this follicle secretes a large amount of estradiol which stimulates a surge of LH
the follicle ruptures as the oocyte eneters the peritoneal space and is collected by the uterine tubes

179
Q

what happens during the luteal phase?

A

the ovulated follicle collaspse and forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin
this decreases FSH and LH secretion which is the negative feedback of the hypothalymus
if fertilisation doesnt occur then the corpus luteum involutes which leads to a fall in progesterone and estradiol which removes the negative feedback of FSH and LH and the cycle starts again

180
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstral cycle split into?

A

menstral
proliferative
secretory

181
Q

what phases occur from days 1-14?

A

menstral and proliferative

182
Q

what phases occur from day 15-28?

A

secretory

183
Q

what happens during the menstral and prolifertive phases?

A

the endometrium breaksdown and bleeds during mestration
estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from around day 6-14
rapid tissue growth includes grotth of glands and vasculature

184
Q

what happens during secretory phase?

A

after ovulation (day 14) the corpus luteum secretes progeterone which promote endometrial maturation as glands become secretory and spiral arterioles grow and coil
if fertilisation doesnt occur then progesterone drops and spinal arteries contract, endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs

185
Q

what does coitus mean?

A

sexual intercourse

186
Q

what happens during coitus?

A

erect penis is inserted into the vagina and semen is released into the upper part of the vagina so sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilisation

187
Q

what happens itermission?

A

the erectile tissue of the penis become engorged with blood and is placed inside the vagina

188
Q

what are the 2 phases of ejaculation?

A

emission and expulsion

189
Q

what is the bulbospongiosus?

A

muscle found around the root of the penis

190
Q

what are the 2 layers that surround the erectile tissue?

A

deep fascia and superficial fascia

191
Q

how does the fascia work?

A

as blood fills the erectile tissue it pushes against the fascia and this pressure pushes on the subtunical venules to stop the back flow of blood out of the penis to keep it erect

192
Q

what fills with blood during erection?

A

lacunae

193
Q

what is the trabecular smooth muscle fibers of the penis do?

A

allows the blood to fill the spoaces

194
Q

what are the subtunical venules?

A

venous plexus that has vein over the corpuses

195
Q

why is the goinadal artery so high up?

A

because this is where the gonads developed near the kidneys and migrate down hence why they are so long

196
Q

what does the internal pudendal artery feed?

A

perineum and external genitalia including the penis

197
Q

what nerves are in the penis?

A

sensory fiber that are responsive to touce, pressure, temperature
aswell as motor nerves

198
Q

what does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

sensory and somatic motor innervations to perineum and external genitalia inclucing the penis

199
Q

what are the autonomic innervation to the oenis?

A

derived from the pelvic plexus (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

200
Q

what so the parasympathetic of the penis?

A

erection
stimulates the nitruc oxide by the deep arteries

201
Q

what does the nitric oxide help with?

A

vasodilate to allow blood to come into the lacuna

202
Q

what happens when deep arteries dilate?

A

fills the lacunae in the corpora caverosa

203
Q

what is the sympathetic of the penis?

A

ejaculation
stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle in the relative ducts and within the accesory glands

204
Q

what are the somatic motors of the penis?

A

ejaculation
stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscle around the bulb of pnis which is required for the expulsion of the semen

205
Q

what is erections?

A

parasympathetic respoinse to stimuli
arteries dilate to increase blood flow into the lucunae
erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
bulbourethral gland secretes mucus to lubricate and clear the urethra

206
Q

what is emission?

A

sympathetic response
smooth muscle of the ductus deferens contracts and moves sperm into the ampulla
peristalsis moves spermatozoa into the ampulla and the sperm is pushed into the prostatic area of the urethra
smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prstate glands contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra

207
Q

what is expulsion?

A

when the semen in the urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes can add additional secretions
contrations of urethral smooth muscle and pelvic floor muscles contract and semen is ejected
the bulbospongiosus muscle contracts and we get expulsion from the penis

208
Q

what is resolution?

A

when the blood flow to the penis is reduced and the penis becomes flaccid
trabecular muscles squeezes the blood from the erectile tissue

209
Q

what are the female response to autonomic stimulation?

A

engorgement of the clitoris, labia and vagina
secretion of lubricating fluid
increased width and length of vagina
uterus elevates upwards
there is rhythmic contractions of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles

210
Q

what is insemenation?

A

when semen is released into the upper areas of the vagina

211
Q

what does the sperm fuse with?

A

the secondary oocyte

212
Q

what is a fertilised oocyte called?

A

zygotes

213
Q

what is contraception?

A

method used to prevent pregnancy to regulate when and how many pregnancies

214
Q

what are the 2 types of methods of contraception?

A

natural and artificial

215
Q

what are natural methods?

A

rely on timing of coitus or behavior during coitus

216
Q

2 methods of natural contraceptions?

A

rhythm method and withdrawl method

217
Q

wjhat is the rhythm method?

A

sustain having sexual intercoarse

218
Q

what is the withdrawl method?

A

when the penis has to be removed on time yet some spermatozoa can still be excreted

219
Q

what is lactational infertality?

A

when the woman are not ovulating when they lactate

220
Q

what are some examples of barrier contraceptions?

A

caps and condoms

221
Q

what are caps?

A

imperfect barrier that should be used with spermicidal foams, jellies, creams or sponges

222
Q

what are condoms?

A

to cover the walls of either sexual partner
its the only source of contraception to reduce the risk of STIs

223
Q

what is a non-hormonal intrauterine device?

A

IUD such as copper to reduce sperm transport and are toxic to oocytes and zygotes
these are implanted

224
Q

what are steroid contraceptions?

A

they deliver progestetin which is a group of hormones that act like progesterone
they suppress ovulation by affecting feedback loops and preventing the mucus being secreted by the cervix

225
Q

what is the contraceptive pill?

A

contains estogen and progetin to suppress ovulation and affects mucus production by the cervix
these vary to suit different women

226
Q

what is progestin only contraceptives?

A

a pill with a low dose of progestin to effect cervical mucus
this can be a subdermal implant which acts over years and act by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation

227
Q

what are hormone intrauterine device?

A

IUD (mirena) contains progestin that affects cervical mucus and reduces sperm transport
it can also prevent ovulation
it has to be inserted into the lumen of the cervix

228
Q

what is sterilisation for a women?

A

tubal ligation which cuts the uterine tubes and requires a surgical procedure

229
Q

what is mens sterilisation?

A

vasectomy which cuts the ductus deferens and is an office procedure

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