34-38 lectures Flashcards
1
Q
what are the male gonads?
A
testies
2
Q
what are the female gonads?
A
ovaries
3
Q
what do genitalia allow us to do?
A
allows gametes to fuse and form an embryo
4
Q
what does the pelvis comprise of?
A
hip bones, sacrum, coccyx
5
Q
is the pelvic inlet open of close?
A
closed
6
Q
what closes the pelvic outlet?
A
muscles
7
Q
what is bigger the pelvic inlet of or outlet?
A
inlet
8
Q
what is the lower area of the pelvis reffred to as?
A
the lesser/true pelvis
9
Q
what is the superior part of the pelvis reffered to as?
A
the greater/false pelvis
10
Q
what does the pelvic inlet contain?
A
the GI tract
11
Q
what does the true pelvis contain?
A
the reproductive organs
12
Q
what are the differences of the male and female pelvises?
A
females have a broarder subpubic angle, oval inlet and a straighter coccyx for supporta nd delivery of a baby
males have a narrower subpubic angle, heart shaped inlet and a curved coccyx
13
Q
what is the angle of the subpubic angle in females?
A
greater than 100 degress
14
Q
what is the angle of the subpubic angle of the male pelvis?
A
less than 90 degress
15
Q
what are the 2 muscles of the pelvic floor?
A
levator ani,
coccygeus
16
Q
what are the 3 openings of the pelvic floor?
A
urethra, anal canal, vagina (females)
17
Q
what is the male perineum?
A
the region inferior to the pelvic floor anmd between the upper region of the thigh
18
Q
what does the male perinuem consist of?
A
external genetalia and the anus
19
Q
what si the anterior triangle of the male perineum?
A
urogenital triangle
20
Q
what does the urogenital triangle have?
A
the urethral opening and external gentalia
21
Q
what is the posterior triangle of the male perineum?
A
anal triangle
22
Q
what does the anal triangl consist of?
A
anal canal and fat
23
Q
what does the male reproductive system do?
A
produce spermatozoa and transport them into the female reproductive tract
24
Q
what is the male reproductive system made out of?
A
testes, reproductive tract, accessory structures and glands
25
what does the scrotum do?
contains 2 testes and supports them
26
what is in the scrotum?
2 testes, 2 epididymides and 2 spermatic cords aswell as part of the ductus deferens
27
what do the testes produce?
sperm, testosterone and inhibin
28
why are the testes important?
maintaining homeostasis, regulating the reproductive tract, making testosterone to develop masculan characteristics
29
what are the testes surrounded by?
a dense fiborous capsule called the tunica albuginea
30
what are the lobes of the testes?
tightly coiled up seminferous tubules
31
where are the seminferous tubules located?
in the testes lobules
32
what do the tubules in the testes join to form?
rete testis
33
what do the rete testis join to form?
efferent ductules
34
where do efferent ductules lead to?
the epididymis
35
the pathway of semen in the testes?
tubules transport semen through the lume of the seminferous tubules and into the rete testis adn then out into the epididymis
36
what do the seminferous tubules have?
spermatogonia, nurse cells and interstitial endocrine cells
37
what are spermatogonia?
the stem cells of the testes
38
what do nurse cells of the testes do?
support the developing spermatozoa and produce inhibin
39
what do interstitial endocrine cells do?
in the connective tissue and produce testosterone
40
what is the epididymis split into?
head, body, tail
41
what does the epididymis do?
it is the site for sperm maturation where they gain the ability of motility
42
what is another word for the ductus deferens?
the vas deferens
43
what covers the start of the spermatic cord?
smooth muscle
44
what is the ductus deferens?
the start of the spermatic cord
45
what is the ampulla?
where the spermatic cord dilates and is important for spermatozoa transport
46
where does the ejaclatory ducts open at?
the prostatic uerthra
47
what is the male urethra used for?
urination and ejaculation
48
what does the detrusor muscle of the internal urethral sphinter do?
closes to ensure sperm can ejaculate through the urethra
49
what is retrograde ejaculation?
when the sphincter doesnt close and sperm ends up in the bladder
50
what do the spermatic cords consist of?
ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
51
what is the venous plexus?
a network that can allow the blood to be cooler when it returns to the body.
it allows thermal exchange between arteries and veins
52
what are the 2 functions of the penis?
urination and corpulation
53
what are the 3 segments of the penis?
root, body,glands
54
what is the crura?
a structure that splits towards the bulb of the penis and is erectile tissue
55
what are the 3 erectile tissues of the penis?
2 corpus cavernosas and 1 corpus spnogiosum
56
what are the corpus cavernosas?
the main erecrtile tissue and is the dorsal aspect
57
what does the corpus spongiosum consist of?
the urethra that forms the bulb and glands
this is the ventrical aspect
58
what feed the cavernosa blood during erections?
corpus arteries
59
why doesnt the spongiosum erect to the extent of the cavernosa?
because it contaians the urethra which has to stay open
60
what are the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral
61
what carries spermatozoa to the females reproductive tract?
seminal fluid
62
what is spermatozoa and seminal fluid together called?
semen
63
what does seminal fluid do?
provides protection to the spermatozoa and activates the spermatozoa and is alos an energy supply
64
what are seminal vesicles?
2 glandds that are posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla
65
what do seminal vesicles produce?
viscous secretions which make up to 60% of the semen
they also make alkaline pH to protect sperm against the acid enviroment of the urethra and vagina
66
where are the prostate glands?
inferior to the bladder and wraps around the prostatic urethra
67
what does the prostatic glands produce?
30% of the seminal fluid which is a slioghtly acidic milky fluid
it contains PSA
68
what is PSA?
prostate-specific antigen
69
what does PSA do?
protein specifically produced and can activate the sperm such as motility and viability
70
where are the bulbourethral glands located?
2 glands located in the urogenital diaphragm at the spongy opening urethra
71
what do the bulbourethral glands do?
is 5% of the semen
it lubricates and neutralises acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation
it is released to flush out any residual urine in the urethra
72
what makes up the last 5% of the semen?
spermatozoa
73
what is a vasectomy?
surgical method of sterilisation in males where they cut the ductus deferens
74
what is gametogenesis?
the formation of the gametes
75
what is spermatogenesis?
formation of sperm
76
what is oogenesis?
formation of ovum
77
what occurs in gametogenesis?
meiosis and mitosis and the cells need to be haploid
78
what happens in spermatogenesis?
when spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa occurs in the seminiferous tubules
79
when does spermatogenesis occur?
from puberty onwards
80
what is spermatogenesis 1?
spermatogonia is divided by mitosis into 2 daughter cells
one of the cells stay at the basement membrane because these are the stem cells to continue spermatogenesis
81
what is spermatogenesis 2?
the second spermatogonia differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which under goes meiosis 1.
it forms 2 secondary spermatocytes
both are haploids
82
what is spermatogenesis 3?
undergoes meiosis 2 to form spermatids
these differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body, tail via spermatogenesis
these spermatozoa are released into the lumen of the semiferous tubules
83
what covers the nucleus of the sperm?
acrosome
84
what does the acrosome do?
protects and makes the head of the sperm
85
what is gonadotropin do?
hormone that acts on the gonads
a releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus which transports through the anterior pituitary gland
86
what is GnRH?
gonadotropin
87
what is LH?
luteinizing hormone
88
what does the luteinizing hormone do?
its a gonadotropin and is produce by the anterior pituitary gland
89
what is FSH?
follicle stimulating hormone
90
what does FSH do?
is a gonadotropin and is produced by the anterior pituatary glands
91
what produces inhibin?
nurse cells
92
what do leydig cells produce?
testosterone
93
what is testosterone?
a type of androgen which i a group of steriod hormones
94
what are synthetic androgens?
steroids
used for therapeutic purposes to help if androgen is low
95
what does LH stimulate?
production of testosterone which stimulates the production of testosterone
96
what controls spermatozoa?
FSH and testosterone
97
what does FSH stimulate?
inhibin production
98
what does inhibin supress?
FSH which is a negative feedback to the anterior pituatary gland
99
what does testosterone suppresses?
LH and GnRH which is a negative feedback to the hypothalymus and pituatary gland
100
what does the female reproductive system do?
produces oocytes transports ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate site for fertilization, provides a site for developing embryo and fetus to grow and the delivery of the fetus
101
what is the female periteum?
rejion the inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs
102
what does the urogenital triangkle consist of?
external urethra called the vulva
103
what does the female anal triangle consist of?
anus and fat pads
104
what is the vulva?
the external genitalia
105
what is the mons pubis?
the front of the pubic symphysis
106
what is the structure of the labia?
2 lip structure (major and minor)
107
what is the major labia?
larger and more lateral
108
what is the minor labia?
smaller and more medial
109
what is the space between the major and minor labia called?
the vestibule
110
where are the vestibule glands and what do they do?
deep top the labia and lubricates the vestibule surface
111
what is the labia minora?
spreads around the vagina and the urethral opening
112
what is the clitoris?
complex erectile organ
has glans, body, 2 crura, 2 bulbs
113
what does the female reproductive tract consist of?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
114
what is the lateral proportion of the uterine tubes called?
infundibulum
115
what is the funnel shape with finger like projections of the uterine tube called?
fimbriae
116
what is the middle section of the uterine tube called?
ampulla
117
what is the female ampulla?
dilated area of the tube where fertilisation occurs normally
118
what is the most medial section of the uterine tube called?
isthmus
119
what is the isthmus?
narrow passage
120
what are the 3 layers that make up the uterus?
perimetrium is the outer layer of connective tissue
myometrium is the middle layer of smooth muscle
endometrium is the inner layer which is made of columnar epithelium that also lines the uterine glands and arteries
121
what is the cervix?
the cervical canal that provides a passage between uterine cavity and vagina
122
what are the 3 segments of the cervix?
external os
cervical canal
internal os
123
what does the cervix produce?
cervical mucus to regulate sperm transport
124
what is the vagina?
a fibromuscular distensible female copulatory organ
also functions as a birth canal
125
where does the vagina lie?
between the uterine bladder and the rectum
extends to the perineum to the cervix
126
what is the blood supply to female reporductive system?
direct branches off the abdominal aorta and internal iliac arteries
127
what supplies the ovaries blood?
the ovarian arteries
128
what supplies the uterus with blood?
uterine arteries
129
what supplies the vagina with the blood?
vaginal arteries
130
where are the ovaries located?
bilateral structures which are lateral and postwerior to the uterus in the lateral portion of the true pelvic cavity
131
what are the structures of the ovaries?
the outer cortex (follicles) and inner medulla
132
what makes up the inner medulla of the ovaries?
connective tissue
blood/lymphatic vessels
nerves
133
what happens at the ovaries?
site of oogenesis and hormone production
134
where do the oocytes develop?
follicles
135
what does the broad ligament of the perineum do?
folds and presses over structure to create other ligaments
136
what does the broad ligaments split into?
mesometrium (of the womb)
mesasalpinx (of the tube)
mesovarium (of the ovary)
137
what are the type of ligaments?
ovarian ligaments
suspensory ligamnets
round ligaments
138
what is the vesiceuterine pouch?
the continuous fold of the braod ligament over anteriorly located bladder
139
what is the rectouterine pouch?
continuous fold of broad ligament over posteriorly located rectum
140
what do the breasts do?
function to norish infants and lies on pectoralis major muscles
141
what stimulates the development of beast tissue?
estradiol and progesterone
142
what are the structures of the breasts?
lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses, then opens at the nipple pores
143
what supports the breast glands?
suspensory glands
144
what is oogenesis?
the development of the oocyte from oogonia
145
what does oogenesis require?
mitosis and meiosis
146
what is the cycle of ovulation?
1 in every around 28 days
147
where do oocytes develop?
within ovarian follicles
148
what increases the population of oogonia?
mitosis
149
when does mitosis occur?
before birth
150
what are primary oocyte encased in?
primordial follicle
151
what do most oocytes undergo?
atresia
152
what phase does meiosis halt at before puberty?
prophase 1
153
what happens at puberty within girls?
around 300000 oocytes
under GnRH influence, a small number of follicles are recruited in each ovarian cycle
154
how many oocytes complete development and become ovulate?
1
155
what completes the meiosis 1?
primary oocyte
156
what polar body is the secondary oocyte?
1st polar body
157
what happens to secondary oocyte?
starts meiosis 2 and halts at metaphase 2 and is suspended until fertilisation
158
when does meiossis 2 continue?
when sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation
159
what happens to the oocyte if fertilisation doesnt occur?
it will degenerate and therefore never complete meiosis
160
what are the follicles?
multi layered granulosa cells and theca cells
161
what do granulosa cells produce?
estradiol
162
what is ovulation?
the oocyte and corona radiata released into peritoneal cavity
163
what does the hypothalymus produce?
GnRH
164
what does the anterior pituitary produce?
FSH
LH
165
what does follicles produce?
estradiol
inhibin
166
what does the corpus luteum produce?
inhibin
progesterone
167
what does GnRH release?
FSH and LH
168
what does FSH do in females?
stimulates growth of ovarian follicles
169
what does LH do in females?
released in surges in ovulation and is the formation of corpus luteum
170
what does estradiol assist with?
follicle growth, bone growth, muscle growth, endometrial growth, secondary sex characteristics and is the feedback to the anterior pituitaryw
171
hat does inhibin do in the female?
negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to suppress FSH
172
what does progesterone do in females?
negative feedback to supress GnRH, endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state
173
what is menarche?
first menstral period and occurs around the age 12-13 years on average
174
what is menopause?
the cessation of menstration and occurs around the 50s
it is the reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absense of or lack of response by follicle
the anterior pituitary feedback is no longer active so (FSH and LH are high)
175
what are the 2 phases of the reproductive cycle?
follicular and luteal
176
what is the follicular phase?
preovulation
goes from day 1-14
177
what is the luteal phase?
postovulation
goes from day 15-28
178
what happens during the follicular phase?
FSH is incraesed to stimulate follicular growth
this growth secretes estradiol and inhibin
this reduces FSH and the growing follicle undergoes atresia except for the dominant follicle
this follicle secretes a large amount of estradiol which stimulates a surge of LH
the follicle ruptures as the oocyte eneters the peritoneal space and is collected by the uterine tubes
179
what happens during the luteal phase?
the ovulated follicle collaspse and forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin
this decreases FSH and LH secretion which is the negative feedback of the hypothalymus
if fertilisation doesnt occur then the corpus luteum involutes which leads to a fall in progesterone and estradiol which removes the negative feedback of FSH and LH and the cycle starts again
180
what are the 3 phases of the menstral cycle split into?
menstral
proliferative
secretory
181
what phases occur from days 1-14?
menstral and proliferative
182
what phases occur from day 15-28?
secretory
183
what happens during the menstral and prolifertive phases?
the endometrium breaksdown and bleeds during mestration
estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from around day 6-14
rapid tissue growth includes grotth of glands and vasculature
184
what happens during secretory phase?
after ovulation (day 14) the corpus luteum secretes progeterone which promote endometrial maturation as glands become secretory and spiral arterioles grow and coil
if fertilisation doesnt occur then progesterone drops and spinal arteries contract, endometrial tissue breaks down and bleeding occurs
185
what does coitus mean?
sexual intercourse
186
what happens during coitus?
erect penis is inserted into the vagina and semen is released into the upper part of the vagina so sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilisation
187
what happens itermission?
the erectile tissue of the penis become engorged with blood and is placed inside the vagina
188
what are the 2 phases of ejaculation?
emission and expulsion
189
what is the bulbospongiosus?
muscle found around the root of the penis
190
what are the 2 layers that surround the erectile tissue?
deep fascia and superficial fascia
191
how does the fascia work?
as blood fills the erectile tissue it pushes against the fascia and this pressure pushes on the subtunical venules to stop the back flow of blood out of the penis to keep it erect
192
what fills with blood during erection?
lacunae
193
what is the trabecular smooth muscle fibers of the penis do?
allows the blood to fill the spoaces
194
what are the subtunical venules?
venous plexus that has vein over the corpuses
195
why is the goinadal artery so high up?
because this is where the gonads developed near the kidneys and migrate down hence why they are so long
196
what does the internal pudendal artery feed?
perineum and external genitalia including the penis
197
what nerves are in the penis?
sensory fiber that are responsive to touce, pressure, temperature
aswell as motor nerves
198
what does the pudendal nerve supply?
sensory and somatic motor innervations to perineum and external genitalia inclucing the penis
199
what are the autonomic innervation to the oenis?
derived from the pelvic plexus (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
200
what so the parasympathetic of the penis?
erection
stimulates the nitruc oxide by the deep arteries
201
what does the nitric oxide help with?
vasodilate to allow blood to come into the lacuna
202
what happens when deep arteries dilate?
fills the lacunae in the corpora caverosa
203
what is the sympathetic of the penis?
ejaculation
stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle in the relative ducts and within the accesory glands
204
what are the somatic motors of the penis?
ejaculation
stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscle around the bulb of pnis which is required for the expulsion of the semen
205
what is erections?
parasympathetic respoinse to stimuli
arteries dilate to increase blood flow into the lucunae
erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
bulbourethral gland secretes mucus to lubricate and clear the urethra
206
what is emission?
sympathetic response
smooth muscle of the ductus deferens contracts and moves sperm into the ampulla
peristalsis moves spermatozoa into the ampulla and the sperm is pushed into the prostatic area of the urethra
smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prstate glands contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra
207
what is expulsion?
when the semen in the urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes can add additional secretions
contrations of urethral smooth muscle and pelvic floor muscles contract and semen is ejected
the bulbospongiosus muscle contracts and we get expulsion from the penis
208
what is resolution?
when the blood flow to the penis is reduced and the penis becomes flaccid
trabecular muscles squeezes the blood from the erectile tissue
209
what are the female response to autonomic stimulation?
engorgement of the clitoris, labia and vagina
secretion of lubricating fluid
increased width and length of vagina
uterus elevates upwards
there is rhythmic contractions of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles
210
what is insemenation?
when semen is released into the upper areas of the vagina
211
what does the sperm fuse with?
the secondary oocyte
212
what is a fertilised oocyte called?
zygotes
213
what is contraception?
method used to prevent pregnancy to regulate when and how many pregnancies
214
what are the 2 types of methods of contraception?
natural and artificial
215
what are natural methods?
rely on timing of coitus or behavior during coitus
216
2 methods of natural contraceptions?
rhythm method and withdrawl method
217
wjhat is the rhythm method?
sustain having sexual intercoarse
218
what is the withdrawl method?
when the penis has to be removed on time yet some spermatozoa can still be excreted
219
what is lactational infertality?
when the woman are not ovulating when they lactate
220
what are some examples of barrier contraceptions?
caps and condoms
221
what are caps?
imperfect barrier that should be used with spermicidal foams, jellies, creams or sponges
222
what are condoms?
to cover the walls of either sexual partner
its the only source of contraception to reduce the risk of STIs
223
what is a non-hormonal intrauterine device?
IUD such as copper to reduce sperm transport and are toxic to oocytes and zygotes
these are implanted
224
what are steroid contraceptions?
they deliver progestetin which is a group of hormones that act like progesterone
they suppress ovulation by affecting feedback loops and preventing the mucus being secreted by the cervix
225
what is the contraceptive pill?
contains estogen and progetin to suppress ovulation and affects mucus production by the cervix
these vary to suit different women
226
what is progestin only contraceptives?
a pill with a low dose of progestin to effect cervical mucus
this can be a subdermal implant which acts over years and act by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation
227
what are hormone intrauterine device?
IUD (mirena) contains progestin that affects cervical mucus and reduces sperm transport
it can also prevent ovulation
it has to be inserted into the lumen of the cervix
228
what is sterilisation for a women?
tubal ligation which cuts the uterine tubes and requires a surgical procedure
229
what is mens sterilisation?
vasectomy which cuts the ductus deferens and is an office procedure
