3.4 & 3.5 summary

Question 1

Battle of Bunker Hill

Answer 1

William Prescott led 1,200 soldiers on Bunker Hill.
Switched to Breed’s Hill for better defense.

British took 3 tries to take the hill, but won.

British lost a lot of men proving that the Patriots are able to fight, but that they weren’t going to go down so easily

Question 2

The British leave Boston

Answer 2

Washington had to train troops who mistrusted one another.

Cannons moved from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston and were placed on Dorchester Heights to run out the British.

The British took Loyalists with them and England ordered a blockade of ports and hired Hessian mercenaries.

Question 3

Common Sense

Answer 3

Told the colonists that they didn’t owe the British anything, the British only used them for personal gain/profit, and that they should fight for independence. The idea of Kings and Queens is wrong.

Question 4

Declaration of Independence

Answer 4

Signed July 4, 1776 and copies were distributed through the colonies

Question 5

Parts of the D.I.

Answer 5

Preamble

Natural rights (People have rights from birth, Government receives power from the people)

British wrongs (Complaints about British troops, taxes, and limits on trade)

Independence (why they were asking for it)

Question 6

Challenges the Continental Army faced

Answer 6

General Howe overwhelms Washington’s troops.

Washington retreated to New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.

Nathan Hale (Killed for spying on the British, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country)

Question 7

The Crisis

Answer 7

Thomas Paine urged the Americans to continue to fight

Question 8

American victories in New Jersey

Answer 8

Battle of Trenton: (George Washington surprised Hessian troops. Crossed the Delaware River on Christmas)

Battle at Princeton: (Washington tricked Cornwallis by setting up fake campfires)

Question 9

Burgoyne’s Plans

Answer 9

He wanted three armies to come to New England and cut them off from the rest of the colonies.

Question 10

Britain’s plan fails

Answer 10

General Howe conquered Philadelphia instead of marching to Albany

Question 11

American victory at Saratoga

Answer 11

Burgoyne had too much baggage

Patriots cut down trees as a hindrance

Green Mountain Boys came to fight

After Burgoyne surrenders Spain, France, and the Netherlands officially ally with the americans

Question 12

Help from Europe

Answer 12

Marquis de Lafayette helped train troops and brought supplies

Freidrich von Steuben from Prussia taught troops how to drill and march

Thaddeus Koscieuszko helped build forts

Question 13

Continental forces

Answer 13

90,000 at peak

Question 14

British forces

Answer 14

70,000+ at any given time

Question 15

Composition of american forces

Answer 15

Continental army, State militias

Question 16

Composition of British forces

Answer 16

Army, Navy, Hired Mercenaries (eg Hessians)

Question 17

Quality of Continental forces

Answer 17

untrained, unconventional

Question 18

Quality of British forces

Answer 18

Trained, disciplined

Question 19

Motivation of American troops

Answer 19

freedom from british control

Question 20

Motivation of British troops

Answer 20

Regain British control

Question 21

Supplies of American troops

Answer 21

very limited weapons, food, and clothing

Question 22

Supplies of British troops

Answer 22

better availability of weapons, food, and clothing, but moving supplies was difficult

Question 23

New England Strategy

Answer 23

Burgoyne wanted three British armies to march on Albany, New York, from different directions to crush American forces there.

Once they controlled the Hudson River, the British could stop the flow of soldiers and supplies from New England to Washington’s army.

Question 24

NE Strategy 1

Answer 24

Burgoyne’s plan called for General Howe to march on Albany from New York City. George III, however, wanted Howe to capture Philadelphia first.

Question 25

NE Strategy 2

Answer 25

Howe captured Philadelphia, defeating the Americans at the battles of Brandywlne and Germantown.
But instead of moving toward Albany to meet Burgoyne as planned, he retired to comfortable quarters in Philadelphia for the winter. For his part, Washington retreated to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Question 26

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 26

His army moved slowly because it had many heavy baggage carts to drag through the woods. To slow Burgoyne further. Patriots cut down trees and dammed up
streams to block the route.

Despite these obstacles, Burgoyne recaptured Fort Ticonderoga, shocking Americans. However, he delayed at the fort, giving American forces time to regroup. He also sent troops into Vermont to find food and horses. There, Patriots attacked the redcoats. At the Battle of Bennington, they wounded or captured nearly 1,000 British.

surrendered Oct 17, 1777

Question 27

Bernardo de Galvez

Answer 27

Spanish Louisiana
Medicine, cloth, muskets, gunpowder
Seized forts along the Mississippi and gulf of mexico
Drove British out of west florida

Question 28

Casimir Pulaski

Answer 28

trained cavalry (troops on horseback)

Question 29

Winter at Valley Forge

Answer 29

Conditions at Valley Forge were difficult, but the soldiers endured.
About 2,000 huts were built as shelter. Several soldiers were improperly dressed, although many did have proper uniforms. As the winter wore on, soldiers also suffered from disease, a common problem in military camps.

Question 30

Patriots sent help

Answer 30

Patriots from around the nation sent help. Women collected food, medicine, warm clothes, and ammunition for the army.

Question 31

Martha Washington

Answer 31

went to Valley Forge to help the sick and wounded.

Question 32

Women contribution to war effort

Answer 32

Some planted and harvested the crops. Others made shoes and wove cloth for blankets and uniforms. One woman, Betsy Hagar, worked with blacksmith Samuel Leverett repairing cannons and guns for Patriot soldiers after the Battle of Concord.

Many women joined their husbands at the front. They cared for the wounded, washed clothes, and cooked.

Betsy Ross of Philadelphia sewed flags for Washington’s army. Legend claims that she made the first American flag of stars and stripes.

During the Battle of Monmouth in 1778, Mary Ludwig Hays carried water to her husband and other soldiers. When her husband was wounded, she took his place, loading and firing the cannon.

Question 33

African Americans in war

Answer 33

At first, the Continental Congress refused to let African Americans, whether free or enslaved, join the army.
The British, however, offered freedom to some enslaved men who would serve the king.
Washington feared that this would greatly increase the ranks of the British army. Washington changed his policy and asked Congress to allow free African Americans to enlist.

Question 34

AA in war

Answer 34

About 5,000 African Americans, from all the colonies except South Carolina, served in the army. Another 2,000 served in the navy which, from the start, allowed African Americans to join. At least nine African-American minutemen saw action at Lexington and Concord. Some African Americans formed special regiments. Others served in white regiments as drummers, fifers, spies, and guides.

Question 35

British gain most american indian allies

Answer 35

In the end, the British were
more successful in creating alliances. They convinced many American
Indians that a Patriot victory would mean more white settlers crossing
the Appalachians and taking their lands.

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw

Question 36

George Rogers Clark

Answer 36

captured forts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia near the mississippi with help of the Miami indians 1778

also captured Vincennes in Feb 1779