3.3.4.1 Mass Transport Of Animal

Question 1

3 type of blood vessel

Answer 1

Arteries - arteriole (away from heart)
Capillary
Veins- Venules (toward heart)

Question 2

Artery structure related function

Answer 2

Muscular wall layer is thick
Maintain and withstand high pressure

Elastic layer is relatively thick
Stretch and recoil as the heart beat - maintain high pressure
Even out the pressure of blood through this vessel

Endothelium is folded
Allow the artery to stretch
Maintain high pressure

No valves
High pressure from heart , where blood will only able to flow in one direct
No need to prevent back flow

Question 3

arteriole structure related function

Answer 3

arterioles form a network throughout the body
direct the blood to different area of demand in the body

muscles fibre present within arterioles (involuntery)
contract to restrict size of lumen to reduce the blood flow
relax to increase the size of lumen to allow full blood flow
(control blood flow)
to change the lumen size
vasoconstriction vs vasodilation

exam ans (during exercise)
circular smooth muscle relax
dilate of lumen of blood vessel to increase blood flow to area need
vasodilation

Question 4

vein structure related to function

Answer 4

wider lumen
blood at low pressure , do not need to withstand high pressure

muscle layer and elastic layer are relatively thin
contract to help blood flow

vein contain vales at interval throughout
stop the blood flowing backwards

Question 4

capillary structure related to function

Answer 4

walls consists mainly of the lining layer (endothelium) - one cell thick
shorter diffusion distance, rapid diffusion / fast exchange between blood to cell

numerous and highly branched
increase surface area for exchange
rapid gas exchange for aerobic respiration to reach all the cell

narrow lumen (7um, size of red blood cell to fit)
short diffusion distance for gas exchange

Question 4

how efficient exchange of substance in capillary link to rate of blood flow

Answer 4

more time for exchange of substance

Question 4

explain the pressure, velocity, total area relation to 3 blood vessel

Answer 4

23/4 ppt
Artery
pulsatile due to pumping of heart and elastic recoil of arteries, declining slightly reducing amplitude as distance from heart increase

Arterioles
Friction of arterioles vessel wall cause progressive pressure drop. Arterioles have large total surface area and relatively narrow bore causing substantial reduction from aortic pressure. Their pressure depends on whether they are dilated or contracted

capillary
even greater resistance in the capillary with large cross sectional area. the velocity of blood flow is directly related to the pressure. in the capillary beds the pressure drop further due to leakage from capillaries into tissue.

venules and veins
return flow to the heart is non-rhythmic and the pressure in the veins is low but can be increased by the massaging effect of muscle

Question 5

what factor minimum internal diameter of the lumen of a capillary

Answer 5

diameter of blood cell

Question 6

why the volume of blood leaving the capillary network into the veins is less than the volume of blood enter from arteries

Answer 6

leakage of water from plasma from capillary to surrounding tissue in form of tissue fluid

Question 7

why the pressure of capillary drop

Answer 7

leakage of water from plasma from capillary to surrounding tissue in form of tissue fluid

Question 8

Cardiac cycle (systole)

Answer 8

Atrial systole
Atrium contract, ventricle, relax
From atrium to ventricle
Tricuspid and bicuspid valve, open semilunar valve closed
Higher pressure in atrium (decrease volume) , lower pressure in ventricle (increase when blood eject from Atrium)
Wall thinner in atrium, less force, used to pump for a short distance from atrim to ventricle

Ventricular systole
Atrium, relax, ventricle contracts
From ventricle to Artery
Tricuspid and bicuspid valve closed to present back flow, semi lunar valve open
Higher pressure in ventricle lower pressure ( decrease volume) in a aorta and pulmonary artery

Diastole
Atrium and ventrical relax
Blood re-enter the atrium via vena cava and pulmonary veins
Tricuspid and bicuspid valve open semi lunar valve closed
Higher pressure in atrium, as ventricle, continue to relax pressure fall below atrium
So bloodflow passively without push by atrial contraction

Question 9

order of valves open and closed

Answer 9

1. AV valves closed (ventricle > atrium)
2. Semi lunar open (ventricle > artery)
3. Semi lunar close (artery > ventricle)
4. Av valves open (atrium > ventricle)

valves movement related to pressure
graph 25/4

Question 10

definition of double circulatory system

Answer 10

blood flow twice through the heart for each circulation of the body
there are 2 circuit

Question 11

why we need double circulatory system

Answer 11

blood pressure is high
rate of blood flow to the tissue is greater
delivery of oxygen to the cell is quicker
this is important in mammals as they have high metabolic rate

Question 11

heart structure (from right to left)

Answer 11

right (deoxygenated)
superior/ inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valves (right atrioventricular valves)
right ventricle
semilunar valves
pulmonary artery

left (oxygenated)
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valves (left atrioventricular valves)
left ventricle
semilunar valves
aorta

Question 11

blood vessel between kidney and heart

Answer 11

to kidney : renal artery
leave kidney : renal veins

Question 12

explain how the highest blood pressure is produced in the left ventricle

Answer 12

during ventricular systole, there are strongest ventricle contraction

Question 13

why baby are unable to get enough oxygen to their tissues if they are born with a hole between the right and left ventricle?

Answer 13

the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will mixed
low volume of oxygenated blood leave the left ventricle to aorta
so no enough oxygen supply to tissue for muscle respiration

Question 14

how can cardiac output keep the same while resting heart beat decrease after exercise?

Answer 14

training increase in size/ volume of heart
strengthen heart muscle
increase in stroke volume (more blood leave the heart each beat)
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 15

calculation of cardiac output

Answer 15

heart rate (beat/ min) (e.g. 60/ 0.8) x stroke volume (highest v- lowest v)

Question 16

interpret data on graph related to coronary heart disease

Answer 16

describe data
- compare, give number

draw conclusion
- positive/ negative correlation

Question 17

conflicting evidence

Answer 17

study design
sample size
ev / (remove) confounding variable
sample group
- large scale – high reliability in mean/ minimize effect of anomalies
- different area – avoid regional bias
depend on volume
quote specific data

Question 18

how to resolve conflicting evidence in study

Answer 18

carryout more study
collect more result, which need to be reproduced by other scientist before accepting

Question 19

why we use percentage change

Answer 19

initial / final value is different
allow comparison

Question 20

control group in any experiment of heart treatment drug

Answer 20

placebo
treated the same as experimental group

Question 21

Risk factor of cardiovascular disease (explain)

Answer 21

Control not to smoke
Healthy diet
Uncontrollable : genetic predisposition to coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, race, ethnicity
Diabetes - sticky clot
High cholesterol

Question 22

Structure of Homo, globin

Answer 22

Globular protein
Two. Identical chain.
Quaternary structure
Each chain got a prosthetic group (none protein) haem group(binding site)
Each haem group contain an iron which binds with oxygen
Carry 4 oxygen molecule in total
Each species have different haemoglobin with different affinity
Each erythrocyte site contained 270 million haemoglobin molecule

Question 23

How affinity of homo globin change, advantage of the change

Answer 23

Different condition
Allowed rapid intake released of oxygen in the lungs or tissue

Question 24

Explain the oxygen dissociation cursive

Answer 24

Always different from the theoretical line

0-25% (flat/shallow)
Low pressure, less oxygen surrounding haemoglobin, less pressure so unsaturated low affinity
Low pressure, the shape of haemoglobin make oxygen hard to bind,

25%-75%
Cooperative binding
As, oxygen molecule bind it change the shape, makes other binding site, more exposed, increase affinity for oxygen, so the second and the third oxygen bind easily , allow the pressure to increase to dissociate

75-100%
Much more less likely, the oxygen will collide with the empty binding side due to probability

Question 25

Definition of cooperate of binding

Answer 25

Finding of one molecule of oxygen changes, the shape of haemoglobin affect the binding affinity of second and third molecule, allow the pressure to increase to dissociate

Question 26

3 organism with high affinity, where did curve shift?

Answer 26

Low oxygen availability
Earthworm : less oxygen available under ground
llama: less oxygen available in Highland area
Lugworm : when tides come, do you have oxygenated seawater when tights down, they use the remaining oxygen from the water?
Foetal: less exposed to air, only from adult hae moglobin
Bigger the size: less heat loss

Left shift

Question 27

To organism with low affinity, where does the curve shift?

Answer 27

Active/metabolically, active (maintenance of high body temperature), need ATP from respiration, disassociation more easily
Fish/bird: more, oxygen, disassociate, unload easily, a lower affinity for oxygen to allowed it to supply Gisele and tissue for respiration to meet energy demand

Curved shift to right

Question 28

The name of effect of how carbon dockside affect oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 28

Bohr effect

Question 29

Factor affect oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 29

High CO2, concentration

(Affect protein structure, oxygen hard to bind)
Low, pH, acidic
High temperature

Question 30

Explain Bohr effect in term of rest and exercise

Answer 30

At rest there is low, partial pressure of carbon dioxide so higher affinity
When exercising their is, high, partial pressure of carbon dioxide so lower affinity

Add the same partial pressure of oxygen lower partial pressure of CO2 higher affinity for oxygen (left) higher partial pressure of CO2 lower affinity for oxygen in Hemel globin as a aerobic respiration of cell use more oxygen and give out more carbon dockside. Oxygen is needed to be dissociate easily from Hemel globin supply enough to the cell.

Question 31

How does load and unload of oxygen related to partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 31

Haemoglobin dissociate and unload at lower partial pressure of oxygen, higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissue
It has lower affinity for oxygen

Haemoglobin associate unload at higher partial pressure of oxygen, lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs
homo globin has higher affinity for oxygen

Question 32

The role of haemoglobin

Answer 32

Transport, oxygen, two different part of a body for sale to undergo aerobic respiration

Question 33

A) Why scientist have to use heavy volunteer in investigating how a factor would be risky for heart disease
B) why scientist have to randomly divide a volunteer into two groups

Answer 33

A)
Healthy volunteer have normally functioning Vassos
Blood vessel /lumen will not affected by other factor

B)
Avoid bias/ selection by scientists

Question 34

Heartbeat, control

Answer 34

Sino atrial node (san) set the rhythm of heartbeat by sending out a regular wave of electrical activity to the atrial wall
Right and left atria contract at the same time
Nonconducting collagen tissue present in post post directly from atria to ventricles
Impose transfer from SAN to atrioventricular node (AVN)
Delay to make sure atria empty for ventricle contracts
Apex of heart (bundle split: purkinje tissue), carry imposed to left and right ventricle wall
Ventricle contracts from bottom up simultaneously

Question 35

What blood component cannot pass through capillary wall

Answer 35

Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelet
Plasma protein

Question 36

Lymphatic system

Answer 36

A network of lymphatic vessels carry a clear liquid (lymph)
Get rid of the body is toxin waste, another unwonted material produced by cell
Transport, right blood cell throughout the body to help fight infection
One way drainage system with that, and transportation interstitial fluid back into blood
Move along by pressure, gradient and contraction of body mass of the lymph alone

Question 37

Explain the creation of tissue fluid, interstitial fluid

Answer 37

Arterial end
Higher , hydrostatic pressure than osmotic pressure
Venous end
Higher osmotic pressure than hydrostatic pressure

Change of hydrostatic pressure from high to low
Water and small soluble molecules leave to decrease the volume (loss of water)
Friction with blood vessel wall , slower the flow

Change of osmotic pressure from low to high
Water and small ion of a molecule leave
Plasma protein, higher concentration
Steeper water potential gradient

Remaining 10% (excess)
Enter Lymphatic system return to blood

At the arterial end of the capillary bed, hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure and so water and small soluble molecules in the blood plasma are forced through the capillary walls (fenestrae), forming tissue fluid between the cells. Larger, dissolved proteins and cells in the plasma are too large to be forced out.
Metabolites and cell products can be exchanged between the tissue fluid and cells.
Blood pressure falls along the capillary because of friction/resistance of the walls and reduced volume of blood. At the venous end of the capillary bed, osmotic pressure of the blood is higher than the hydrostatic pressure and so most of the water from tissue fluid moves back into blood capillaries (down its water potential gradient).
The remainder of the tissue fluid is returned to the blood, via lymph vessels.

Question 38

Why a lot of protein in the blood cause a buildup of tissue fluid?

Answer 38

Water potential is HiGh
No water move into capillary by osmosis

Question 39

Definition of partial pressure

Answer 39

Measure of concentration of gas in a mixture of gas

Question 40

Why the damage to the cells lining the ileum reduced absorption of the product of digestion and why this reduce absorption of water

Answer 40

The SA decrease
reduce water potential gradient
the water potential gradient in the cell remain high
no water moves into cell by osmosis

Question 41

High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how.

Answer 41

1. High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure;
2. Increases outward pressure from (arterial) end of capillary / reduces
   inward pressure at (venule) end of capillary;
3. (So) more tissue fluid formed / less tissue fluid is reabsorbed.

Question 42

The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the
capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.

Answer 42

1. Water has left the capillary;
2. Proteins (in blood) too large to leave capillary;
3. Increasing / giving higher concentration of blood proteins (and thus wp).

Question 43

explain the relationship between thickness of ventricle wall, pressure of ventricle and the blood flow of aorta, when blood pumping

Answer 43

1. Ventricle pressure rises then blood starts to flow into aorta because pressure
   causes (aortic / semilunar) valve to open;
2. Ventricle pressure starts to fall so blood flow falls;
3. Thickness of wall increases because ventricle (wall) contracts;
4. Contraction causes the increase in pressure;