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Biology Topic 3 > 3.3.2 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

3.3.2 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Why aren’t insects bigger?

A

More cell more demand of oxygen
Tracheal system could not meet respiratory demand
Especially there’s low oxygen concentration in the air
Mass of exoskeleton increase , decrease the speed of movement

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2
Q

Describe and explain the tracheal system of insect (structure and function)

  • reduce water loss
  • provides cells with sufficient oxygen
A
  1. Spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles;
  2. Spiracles allow diffusion (of oxygen)
    OR
    (Oxygen) diffusion through
    tracheae/tracheoles;
  3. Tracheoles are highly branched so large
    surface area (for exchange);
  4. Tracheole (walls) thin so short diffusion
    distance (to cells)
    OR
    Highly branched tracheoles so short diffusion distance (to cells)
    OR
    Tracheoles enter cells so short diffusion
    distance;
  5. Tracheole permeable to oxygen/air;
  6. Cuticle/chitin/exoskeleton (impermeable) so reduce water loss;
  7. Spiracles (can) close so no/less water loss
    OR
    Spiracles have valves so no/less water loss;
  8. Hairs around spiracles reduce water loss;
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3
Q

What is the movement of gas cause by？

A

Concentration and diffusion gradient
Contraction of muscles around the tracheal system (rhythmic, abdominal movement)
End of tracheoles are filled with water

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4
Q

Adaptation to gas exchange of insect

A

Large surface area allowed, a large number of fine tracheoles

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5
Q

Three ways of gas exchange

A

Diffusion

Mass transport
Contract and relax abdominal muscle which squeeze the air sac to move the air from sacs to tracheoles and use the air when spiracle is closed
Change volume of thorax / Abdomen pressure change in tracheae to push the air in and out

Anaerobic respiration
Produce lactate
decrease water potential of the cell
Allow water to move from tracheoles to the cell by osmosis
Decrease the volume in tracheae, decrease the pressure
So the air is drawn in

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6
Q

The end of trachea this connects directly with the inside tomato tissue and filled with water when flying water is absorbed into the master tissue removal of water from the tracheoles increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen between the tracheoles and muscle tissue. Suggest one reason why.

A

Gas Move and fills faster in air than water
Increase volume of water

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7
Q

Leaf structure, description

A

Waxy cuticle: prevent water loss
Upper and lower epidermis : allow light to penetrate so photosynthesis happen in the chloroplast
Palisade mesophyll : a vertical, compact, maximise chloroplasts exposed to light
Spongy mesophyll: with air, space, increase surface area exposed to the air, faster diffusion
Stomata : open in a day allowed water to get in and become turgid, dehydrated loose, water flaccid closed
Guard cell : expand/ strink , open and close the stomata

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8
Q

How often is guard cell Open the stomata?

A

When I get enough water, it doesn’t matter to lose some when open it
Inner wall can’t expand as much

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9
Q

adaptation of leaf structure

A

Thin and flat, large surface area to volume ratio
Stomata on the lower surface , reduce evaporation rate as it is shady, and damp
No cell far from the source of air because there is interconnecting air space, so the diffusion distance are short

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10
Q

Adaptation of Xerophytes (exam Q)

A

Thick waxy cuticle : prevent water loss, waterproof, impermeable
Spikes : defends from insect , drinking the water, decrease surface area to volume ratio
Hair and curled leaves : trap moisture, increase local humidity, maintain shallow concentration gradient
Longer route network : to reach water underneath

  1. Thick(er) cuticle /leaf : increase in diffusion distance / slower (rate of) diffusion
    2,3,4. Hairs on leaves/ curled leaves / sunken stomata : reduction in air movements / increase in humidity / decrease in water potential gradient;
  2. Smaller SA : less evaporation / less heat absorbed
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11
Q

Some herbicides cause the stomata of plans to close. Such as how do use herbicide might lead to the death of the plant.

A

When there’s herbicide the stomata close, there is the need to get exchange happen, and some interexchange of O2 and CO2 for photosynthesis. Near the process can continue indefinitely by relying exclusively on gas produced by the other. Some gas must be obtained from the environment. no supply both photosynthesis and respiration will ultimately stopped and the plants will die

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12
Q

Why does bird need more gas than jellyfish?

A

More energetic
Maintain body temperature
Nutrients for maintain metabolic rate

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13
Q

Why fish can’t leave water?

A

Gills, will clumps together, due to water, cohesion and adhesion, reduced surface area for gas exchange
A lot of nutrients in water
One-way respiration, water is denser

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14
Q

Two types of flow in the fish

A

Counter current flow
Parallel flow

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15
Q

Describe and explain counter current flow

A

Water and blood flow in opposite direction
Blood is always meeting water with a higher oxygen concentration
Concentration gradient is maintained across the whole length of gills lamellae
Diffusion of oxygen into the blood can occur across the whole length of gills
This ensure maximum possible gas exchange

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16
Q

Describe and explain, parallel proof

A

Water and blood flow in the same direction
Equilibrium is reached halfway across the gills
No gas diffusion across the whole length

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17
Q

Two. Type of fish

A

Cartilaginous fish
Bony fish

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18
Q

How is cartilaginous fish ventilate? (What fish)

A

Parallel flow
Have to keep swimming in order for oxygenated water to flow over the gills (ramming ventilation)
Buccal pumping / gulping
Spiracle breathing

Ray/ sharks

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19
Q

Which type of flow does bony fish use

A

Counter current flow in the gills

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20
Q

Please draw out a diagram of human respiratory system

A

Answer on page 81 half note
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus / bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Rib cage
Intercostal muscle
Pleural membrane
Pleural cavity
Lungs
Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Ventilation process

A

Breathe in (inhalation/inspiration)
Respiration (metabolic process) chemical reaction
Breathing out (exhalation/expiration)

22
Q

How will the intercostal muscle move when breathing in and out

A

Breathe out
External relax internal contract
Breathe in
External contract internal relax

23
Q

What does the composition of inspired alveoli exspired air show?

A

The nitrogen concentration similar, we don’t breathe in nitrogen
We don’t intake all of the oxygen
We breathe out CO2 as waste
Water vapour is a waste product of respiration

24
Q

Property of lung tissue

A

Elastic
Recoil , regain, original shape, push air out of the lungs
Stretch and expand

25
Q

Full inspiration process

A

Ribs: external intercostal, muscle, contracts, and rib rise
Diaphragm contracts to become flatten and pushes digestive organ down
Volume of chest cavity increased
Pressure in chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure
Air contain oxygen is stuck in through the mouth
Air Move into lungs

26
Q

Full expiration process

A

External intercostal, muscle, relax and ribs fall
Diaphragm relax, and is pushed up by displace organ underneath
Volume of chest cavity decrease
Pressure in lungs increase and rise above atmospheric pressure
Air moves out of lung
Air is forced out through the mouth, removing waste carbon dioxide

27
Q

Feature of Air sac

A

Cartilage , maintain airway, open prevent collapse
Pulmonary surfactant : keep alveoli open, so cohesive water don’t attract

28
Q

Adaptation of air sac as a good gas exchange surface

A

Steep concentration gradient
Capillary wall and alveoli walls are thin , short, diffusion distance
Large number of alveoli , large surface area
Moist surface of gas to dissolve before they diffuse
Surrounded by many blood vessel called capillaries

29
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate
Dm3 min -1

30
Q

Why diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood is very efficient

A

Red blood cell are slow as they pass through pulmonary capillaries
This increase the time for diffusion

Rbc are flattened against a capillary wall
Distance between Alviola, air and red blood cell decrease

Wall of both alveoli and capillaries are thin
Diffusion distance shot

Alveoli and pulmonary capillary have a very large total surface area

Breathing movement, ventilate the lungs and heart circulate blood around alveoli constantly
Maintain steep Concentration gradient

Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries
Maintain a concentration gradient

31
Q

Two type of COPD

A

Emphysema: air sac breakdown
Persistent bronchitis : information and execss sputum

32
Q

Feature of COPD lungs is

A

Damage tissue
Inflamed Airways
Floppy elastic lining

33
Q

Risk factor of lung disease

A

Smoking
Air pollution
Genetic
Infection
Occupation (worker exposed to harmful chemical dust)

34
Q

Definition of cause and relationship

A

Correlation
Change in one covariable is reflected by a change in another variable

Causation
What the variable costs are there for another variable to change
There might be other factor affect the change of either one

35
Q

How to minimise the risk factor of lung disease

A

Banning, smoking in public places in workplaces
Ban on tobacco advertising
Increase cigarette tax
Minimum wage increase to 18 for buying tobacco
Plain, packaging or graphic image
Health warning on packages
NHS. Free support to give up vaping as alternative.
Education
Various air pollution control
Promotion of electric vehicles, reducing diesel cars

36
Q

How old is loss of elasticity, makes expiration difficult

A

Is hard to maintain concentration gradient

37
Q

Suggest a reason why there is a time like between the number of cigarette smoke in the corresponding change in the number of death from lung cancer

A

Lung cancer develop overtime, so death occur some years later

38
Q

Possible reason for lung cancer death increase

A

Greater percentage of people smoking
Increase in air pollution
Increase in population size

39
Q

One measure of lung function is force expiratory volume. This is the volume of a dark and possibly be blown out in one second after full inspiration. Suggest how pulmonary fibrosis might affect FEV and explain why

A

FEV lower due to difficulty expiring due to loss of elasticity

40
Q

Why we use umol g-1 h-1 for the rate of oxygen uptake

A

Small uptake, volume
Avoid use of power /standard form

41
Q

Explain what cause the oxygen concentration in the tracheae to fall when the spiracles are closed in the insect

A

Metabolic respiration
Therefore, diffusion tissue
Oxygen, unable to enter organism

42
Q

Exam Q: describe the feature of fish gills that give them a large surface area

A

Lamellae on filament
/a lot /Both layers of gills

43
Q

Explain why the figures in the table given per gram of tissue (table, shows the flow of blood to the lungs into the diaphragm in a seal when did this on land and when is underwater?)

A

Allowed comparison
AS organ differ in size
Larger organ need more blood

44
Q

Exam question：there is a greater percentage reduction in blood flow to the diaphragm down to the lungs during a dice, explain the advantages of a diving seal, in terms of blood continuing to throw to the lungs, and a large reduction in blood flow to the diaphragm

A

Blood continue flowing to lungs, because some oxygen still in lungs, remove of CO2 who
A large reduction in blood flow to the diaphragm so more blood available to order organ, supply, oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Diaphragm do not contract because no breathing will not required as much oxygen

45
Q

Why single celled organism and multi cellular organism gas exchange method is different

A

Single celled organism have larger surface area to volume ratio
diffusion happen via cell membrane
diffusion pathway is too long for multicell organism, diffusion will be too slow

46
Q

Describe how oxygen in the air reaches capillaries surrounding alveoli in the lungs.

A
  1. Trachea and bronchi and bronchioles;
  2. Down pressure gradient;
  3. Down diffusion gradient;
  4. Across alveolar epithelium
  5. Across capillary endothelium / epithelium.
47
Q

how asthma affect breathing

A
  1. Muscle walls of bronchi / bronchioles contract;
  2. Walls of bronchi / bronchioles secrete more mucus;
  3. Diameter of airways reduced;
  4. (Therefore) flow of air reduced.
48
Q

the structure of alveoli for efficient gas exchange

A
  1. Thin walls / cells;
    Accept squamous epithelia / one cell thick
  2. (Total) surface area is large;
49
Q

how fibrosis affect breathing

A
  1. Loss of elasticity / elastic tissue / increase
  2. Less recoil;
50
Q

The volume of gas passing over the gills increase if the temperature of the water increase suggest why

A

Increase metabolism /respiration/enzyme activity
(Enzymes work faster due to high temp, more o2 consumption)
Less oxygen dissolved in water
(If I need same amount of oxygen then need more water pass through quickly)

Biology Topic 3 (5 decks)

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