3.3.4.1 Mass Transport in Animals

Question 1

Q: What are haemoglobins and where are they found?

Answer 1

A: Haemoglobins are a group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms, involved in oxygen transport.

Question 2

Q: What is the structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 2

A: Haemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure, meaning it is composed of multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 3

Q: What role do haemoglobin and red blood cells play in the body?

Answer 3

A: They transport oxygen throughout the body.

Question 4

Q: What does the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve represent?

Answer 4

A: It shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.

Question 5

Q: What is meant by the cooperative nature of oxygen binding in haemoglobin?

Answer 5

A: The binding of one oxygen molecule to haemoglobin increases the affinity for further oxygen molecules to bind.

Question 6

Q: How does carbon dioxide concentration affect oxyhaemoglobin dissociation?

Answer 6

A: Increased carbon dioxide concentration leads to increased dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin, known as the Bohr effect.

Question 7

Q: How are different types of haemoglobin adapted to different environments?

Answer 7

A: Animals possess haemoglobins with different oxygen transport properties that are adapted to their specific environments.

Question 8

Q: What is the general pattern of blood circulation in a mammal?

Answer 8

A: Blood circulates through the heart, lungs, and body via a closed circulatory system.

Question 9

Q: What blood vessels are associated with the heart, lungs, and kidneys?

Answer 9

A: Coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, vena cava, renal arteries, and renal veins.

Question 10

Q: What is the gross structure of the human heart?

Answer 10

A: The human heart has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and associated valves that regulate blood flow.

Question 11

Q: What occurs during the cardiac cycle in terms of pressure and volume changes?

Answer 11

A: Pressure and volume changes cause valves to open and close, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

Question 12

Q: How are arteries, arterioles, and veins structured in relation to their function?

Answer 12

A: Arteries have thick walls to withstand high pressure, arterioles regulate blood flow, and veins have valves to prevent backflow.

Question 13

Q: What is the role of capillaries and capillary beds in the circulatory system?
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Answer 13

A: Capillaries are exchange surfaces where nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged between blood and tissues

Question 14

Q: How is tissue fluid formed and returned to the circulatory system?

Answer 14

A: Tissue fluid forms when plasma leaks out of capillaries and is returned via the lymphatic system and venous end of capillaries.

Question 15

Q: How can pressure and volume changes during the cardiac cycle be analyzed?

Answer 15

A: By interpreting data related to these changes to understand heart function and diagnose issues.

Question 16

Q: What is the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate?

Answer 16

A: Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate (CO = stroke volume × heart rate).

Question 17

Q: What kind of investigation could students design regarding human pulse rate?

Answer 17

A: An investigation into the effect of a named variable (e.g., exercise, temperature) on human pulse rate or heart rate of invertebrates like Daphnia.

Question 18

Q: What skills can be developed by evaluating data on cardiovascular disease?

Answer 18

A: Students can learn to analyze and interpret data on risk factors, recognize correlations and causal relationships, and evaluate conflicting evidence.

Question 19

Q: How do arterioles differ from arteries in structure and function?

Answer 19

A: Arterioles are smaller than arteries with a thicker layer of smooth muscle, allowing them to regulate blood flow to different tissues by constricting or dilating.

Question 20

Q: What are the main structural features of arteries, and how do they relate to their function?

Answer 20

A: Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand and maintain high blood pressure as they carry blood away from the heart.

Question 21

Q: What are the main structural features of veins, and how do they relate to their function?

Answer 21

A: Veins have thinner walls and larger lumens compared to arteries. They contain valves to prevent backflow of blood as they return blood to the heart under low pressure.

Question 22

Q: What is the structure of capillaries and their role in the circulatory system?

Answer 22

A: Capillaries have very thin walls (one cell thick) to facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

Question 23

Q: How does the structure of capillaries support their function as exchange surfaces?

Answer 23

A: The thin walls and extensive network of capillaries provide a large surface area and short diffusion path for efficient exchange of substances.

Question 24

Q: What is the importance of capillary beds in the circulatory system?

Answer 24

A: Capillary beds allow for the efficient exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues.