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Biology 3 - Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment > 3.3.2 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

3.3.2 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Why don’t insects breathe in oxygen (2)

What does this do to them

A

Don’t have lungs
Circulatory system doesn’t carry oxygen/CO2

Limits their size

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2
Q

What’s the breathing system in insects called

A

The tracheal system

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3
Q

How does air enter an insect

Where does it then pass to

A

Through holes in the exoskeleton (spiracles)

Air then passes into tubes (tracheae)

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4
Q

What’s prevents the collapse of tracheae tubes

A

Strengthening rings

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5
Q

What do tracheae branch out into

What are these like

A

Tracheae branch out into tracheoles that have thinner,more permeable walls for gas exchange

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6
Q

What do tracheoles form close to repairing tissue (directly into muscle)

A

A network of tubes

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7
Q

What can tracheoles do (2)

A

Enter cells + take oxygen straight to mitochondria

Exchange CO2 + H2O

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8
Q

How many adaptions to insects have for gas exchange

A

4

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9
Q

How can insects control ventilation and water loss

A

Can open + close their spiracles

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10
Q

How many spiracles do insects have

A

A pair on each 3 segments of abdomen

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11
Q

What helps draw air further into the tracheole

A

Their ends have water in so during exercise the muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration producing lactate which is soluble

Lactate lowers water potential of muscle cells so water leaves tracheoles + enters muscles by osmosis

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12
Q

How do insects muscles help allow mass transport of gases

A

They contract + squeeze the tracheae pushing air through them

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13
Q

What produces the gradient needed for diffusion through an insect

A

The muscle cells using oxygen for respiration maintaining a low concentration

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14
Q

How can insects control air flow

A

In the head,thorax + abdomen tracheae may be connected to air sacs and some insects can actively pump these for air flow

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15
Q

How can water be lost by insects

A

By opening spiracles

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16
Q

3 ways of reducing water loss in insect

A
  1. Reducing SA:volume ratio
  2. Waterproof covering
  3. Closing spiracles
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17
Q

What exoskeleton is covered with a waterproof wash cuticle

A

Insects hard exoskeleton made of chitin

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18
Q

Why is it harder to breathe in water

A

1% oxygen
Oxygen levels vary
Diffuses slower
Harder to move as water is dense

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19
Q

What in fish is adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

Fish gills

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20
Q

How many gills do fish have

A

2, one on either side of face

21
Q

What are gills made up of

How do they appear

A

Made up of folded,layered tissue

Appear feathery

22
Q

What do gills contain many of

A

Many filaments

23
Q

What is there on each filament

4 ways this is useful

A

Many lamellae

Useful as:

  • larger SA
  • increase ventilation
  • good blood supply
  • short diffusion pathway
24
Q

In a fish, what increases SA for gas exchange as they have a rich blood supply nearby and a thin membrane

A

Filaments + lamellae

25
Q

What is the main adaption of gills

A

Counter current flow

26
Q

How do blood and water flow in a fish

A

In opposite directions

27
Q

What’s counter current flow

A

When the blood supply to the gills flows in the opposite direction to the water to maintain concentration gradient

28
Q

What does counter current flow ensure

A

That oxygen continually diffuses into the blood

29
Q

5 parts of plants to know

A 
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Spongy mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll
Veins with xylem + phloem
30
Q

What happen in the lower epidermis

A

Gas exchange

31
Q

What does the upper + lower epidermis protect plant from (3)

A

Damage,infection,dehydration

32
Q

What does spongy mesophyll have the most of

What does this allow gases to do

A

Has the most air pockets

So Gases can diffuse in all directions

33
Q

What process happens in the palisade mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis

34
Q

What does the xylem and phloem do

A

Transport substances

35
Q

What do all parts of a plant do (leaves,stem,roots,flowers)

A

Respire

36
Q

How do parts of plant above soil get their oxygen

A

Through pores

37
Q

What are the pores in leaves called

A

Stoma (1-stomata)

38
Q

What’s the size of the stoma controlled by

A

Guard cells

39
Q

What are dicots

A

Most flowering plants that produce 2 leaves when first grow from a seed

40
Q

When is stoma forced to open and how

A

When moisture is plentiful so the guard cells swell with water allowing gas exchange as stoma is open

41
Q

What does stoma do when plant loses too much water/water in environment gets less plentiful

A

Guard cells deflate closing the stoma, preventing further gas/water loss

42
Q

What plants can photosynthesise in the dark

A

Xerophytes

43
Q

Why are guard cells in xerophytes different

A

To help them cope with dry (arid) conditions

44
Q

4 adaptations of xerophytes for dry (arid) conditions

A 
Thick cuticle
Hairy stomata
Sunken/in pits
Rolled up leaves
Smaller SA:volume 
Small needle-like leaves
45
Q

Why do xerophytes have thick cuticles

A

To prevent water loss by evaporation

46
Q

Why do xerophytes have hairy stomata

A

As the hairs trap moisture/nutrients

47
Q

Why do xerophytes have rolled up leaves

A

As it decreases their surface area to protect from wind

48
Q

How does having a smaller SA:volume ration in a plant prevents water loss

A

As there will be less stomata

Biology 3 - Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment (6 decks)

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