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A-level Chemistry Oxford AQA > 3.3.14 Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

3.3.14 Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane → Halogenalkane

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Free-radical substitution
  • X2, UV light
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2
Q

Halogenalkane → Secondary/tertiary amines, their salts and quaternary ammonium salts

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Ammonia, heat
  • (not primary halogenalkanes)
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3
Q

Halogenalkane → Primary Amine

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Excess ammonia, heat
  • (primary halogenalkanes only)
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4
Q

Halogenalkane → Nitrile

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • KCN(aq), ethanol, reflux
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5
Q

Halogenalkane → Alcohol

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Warm, NaOH(aq), reflux
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6
Q

Halogenalkane → Alkene

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Elimination
  • KOH, ethanol, reflux
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7
Q

Nitrile → Primary Amine

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Reduction
  • LiAlH4, dry ether, dilute H2SO4
  • OR hydrogen gas, platinum/nickel catalyst, high temperature and pressure
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8
Q

Alkene → Halogenalkane

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Electrophilic Addition
  • HX, 20°C
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9
Q

Alkene → Dibromoalkane

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Br2, 20°C
  • (test for unsaturation)
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10
Q

Alkene → Alcohol

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Hydrolysis
    • H3PO4 catalyst, steam, 300°C, 60 atm
  • Electrophilic addition
    • H2O, H2SO4 catalyst
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11
Q

Alcohol → Alkene

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Elimination
  • conc H2SO4, reflux
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12
Q

Alcohol → Carboxylic Acid

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Oxidation
  • K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, relfux
  • (primary alcohols only)
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13
Q

Alcohol → Aldehyde/ketone

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Oxidation
  • K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat in distillation apparatus
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14
Q

Aldehyde/ketone → Alcohol

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Reduction/nucleophilic addition
  • NaBH4 in water with methanol
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15
Q

Aldehyde/ketone → Hydroxynitrile

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • KCN(aq), H2SO4, 20°C
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16
Q

Carboxylic Acid → Ester

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Esterification
  • alcohol, conc. H2SO4 catalyst, heat
17
Q

Ester → Carboxylic Acid

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Hydrolysis
  • dilute H2SO4 catalyst, H2O, reflux
  • OR dilute NaOH(aq), reflux
18
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Carboxylic Acid

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
  • H2O, 20°C
19
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Ester

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
  • Alcohol, 20°C
20
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Primary Amine

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
  • NH3, 20°C
21
Q

Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → N-Substituted Amide

State the reaction and the conditions

A
  • Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
  • Amine, 20°C
22
Q

State the reaction and conditions

A
23
Q

State the reaction and conditions

A
24
Q

State the reaction and conditions

A
25
Q

State the conditions

A
26
Q

State how chemists design synthesis routes to be safe

A

Chemists try designing routes that use non-hazardous starting materials to limit the potential for accidents and environmental damage

27
Q

State how chemists design synthesis routes to be less wasteful

A
  • Use processes with high atom economies and high percentages yields
  • Waste can be reduced by designing synthesis routes that have as few steps as possible
28
Q

Why are processes with high atom economies and high percentages yields preferred?

A

∵ they convert more of starting material into useful products

29
Q

Give an example of how you can reduce both hazards associated with process and amount of waste created by a synthesis route

A

Avoiding solvents

30
Q

Explain how avoiding solvents reduces hazards

A

Solvents are often flammable and toxic so pose safety risks

31
Q

Explain how avoiding solvents reduces waste

A

If solvent has to be disposed after reaction is complete = lots of waste

A-level Chemistry Oxford AQA (34 decks)

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