3.3.1 Nomenclature

Question 1

Types of Formula - Displayed

Answer 1

Shows all atoms and all covalent bonds

Question 2

Types of Formula - Empirical

Answer 2

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

Question 3

Types of Formula - Molecular (2)

Answer 3

Actual numbers of atoms in a compound

No indication of arrangement

Question 4

Types of Formula - Skeletal (2)

Answer 4

Shortened diagram showing only the carbon chain and functional groups attached to it (no hydrogen bonds shown)
Each point represents one carbon

Question 5

Types of Formula - Structural

Answer 5

Follows a carbon by carbon approach

Question 6

Types of Formula - General

Answer 6

Relates to a homologous series

Question 7

Prefixes - Two

Answer 7

Di-

Question 8

Prefixes - Three

Answer 8

Tri-

Question 9

Prefixes - Four

Answer 9

Tetra-

Question 10

Prefixes - Five

Answer 10

Penta-

Question 11

Prefixes - Six

Answer 11

Hexa-

Question 12

Prefixes - Chlorine

Answer 12

Chloro-

Question 13

Prefixes - Bromine

Answer 13

Bromo-

Question 14

Prefixes - Fluorine

Answer 14

Fluoro-

Question 15

Prefixes - Iodine

Answer 15

Iodo-

Question 16

Alkyls - 1 carbon

Answer 16

Methyl

Question 17

Alkyls - 2 carbons

Answer 17

Ethyl

Question 18

Alkyls - 3 carbons

Answer 18

Propyl

Question 19

Alkyls - 4 carbons

Answer 19

Butyl

Question 20

Alkyls - 5 carbons

Answer 20

Pentyl

Question 21

Alkyls - 6 carbons

Answer 21

Hexyl

Question 22

Alkyls - 7 carbons

Answer 22

Heptyl

Question 23

Alkyls - 8 carbons

Answer 23

Octyl

Question 24

Alkyls - 9 carbons

Answer 24

Nonyl

Question 25

Alkyls - 10 carbons

Answer 25

Decyl

Question 26

Prefixes - 1 carbon

Answer 26

Meth-

Question 27

Prefixes - 2 carbons

Answer 27

Eth-

Question 28

Prefixes - 3 carbons

Answer 28

Prop-

Question 29

Prefixes - 4 carbons

Answer 29

But-

Question 30

Prefixes - 5 carbons

Answer 30

Pent-

Question 31

Prefixes - 6 carbons

Answer 31

Hex-

Question 32

Prefixes - 7 carbons

Answer 32

Hept-

Question 33

Prefixes - 8 carbons

Answer 33

Oct-

Question 34

Prefixes - 9 carbons

Answer 34

Non-

Question 35

Prefixes - 10 carbons

Answer 35

Dec-

Question 36

Prefixes - Cyclic compounds

Answer 36

Cyclo-

Question 37

Types of chain (3)

Answer 37

Straight chain Cyclic compound Branched chain

Question 38

How are compounds named? (5)

Answer 38

Find the longest consecutive carbon chain Find functional groups and add prefix if there are multiple of the same Number the chain so lowest numbers are used / highest priority functional group has lowest number Order the alkyl groups in alphabetical order (excluding prefixes) Use commas to separate numbers and hyphens to separate letters and numbers

Question 39

Priority Functional Groups - Carboxylic acid

Answer 39

Priority: 1 Suffix: -oic acid Prefix: N/A Functional group: carbon, double bond O, single bond OH

Question 40

Priority Functional Groups - Ester

Answer 40

Priority: 2 Suffix: -oate Prefix: N/A Functional group: carbon, double bond oxygen, single bond oxygen

Question 41

Priority Functional Groups - Acyl chloride

Answer 41

Priority: 3 Suffix: -oyl chloride Prefix: N/A Functional group: carbon, double bond oxygen, single bond chlorine

Question 42

Priority Functional Groups - Nitrile

Answer 42

Priority: 4 Suffix: -nitrile Prefix: N/A Functional group: carbon, triple bond nitrogen

Question 43

Priority Functional Groups - Aldehyde

Answer 43

Priority: 5 Suffix: -al Prefix: N/A Functional group: carbon, double bond oxygen, single bond hydrogen

Question 44

Priority Functional Groups - Ketone

Answer 44

Priority: 6 Suffix: -one Prefix: oxo- Functional group: carbon, double bond oxygen

Question 45

Priority Functional Groups - Alcohol

Answer 45

Priority: 7 Suffix: -ol Prefix: hydroxy- Functional group: single bond OH

Question 46

Priority Functional Groups - Amine

Answer 46

Priority: 8 Suffix: -amine Prefix: amino- Functional group: single bond NH2

Question 47

Priority Functional Groups - Alkene

Answer 47

Priority: 9 Suffix: -ene Prefix: N/A Functional group: double bond carbon

Question 48

Priority Functional Groups - Halogenoalkene

Answer 48

Priority: 10 Suffix: -ene Prefix: e.g. chloro- bromo- iodo-

Question 49

What is an isomer?

Answer 49

A compound with the same molecular formula but arranged differently

Question 50

Structural Isomers - Chain

Answer 50

Same functional group, different carbon skeleton

Question 51

Structural Isomers - Position

Answer 51

Same skeleton, different position on carbon chain

Question 52

Structural Isomers - Functional Group

Answer 52

Same atoms, different functional groups

Question 53

What is a stereoisomer?

Answer 53

Same formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 54

What is E/Z isomerism? (3)

Answer 54

The restricted rotation around the C=C bond in alkenes means atoms can be in a different orientation in space Z - same side E - different side

Question 55

How are E/Z Isomers names according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules? (3)

Answer 55

The chains attached to the double bond are assigned priority based off of the highest atomic number If the two highest priority groups are both above or both below the double bond, the molecule is a Z isomer If the highest priority groups are diagonally across from each other, the molecule is an E isomer

Question 56

Why do Z Isomers have a higher melting/boiling point than E Isomers? (2)

Answer 56

They can pack closer together | This strengthens the Van der Waals forces