3.3.1 Intro to organic chemistry

Question 1

Whats the algebraic formula for alkanes, alkenes and alcohols

Answer 1

alkanes = CnH2n+2
alkenes = CnH2n
alcohols = CnH2n+1OH

Question 2

Define molecular formula

Answer 2

the actual number of atoms in a molecule or element

Question 3

Define empirical formula

Answer 3

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

Question 4

Define structural formula

Answer 4

the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds

Question 5

Define skeletal formula

Answer 5

show the bonds of the carbon skeleton only. Only functional groups are shown

Question 6

Define displayed formula

Answer 6

show the arrangement of atoms showing all the bond and atoms in the molecule

Question 7

What is a homologous series?

Answer 7

group of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

Question 8

What do successive members of the same homologous series increase by?

Answer 8

CH2

Question 9

How should you number the carbon chain when taking into account the functional group?

Answer 9

The functional group sits on the lowest possible number carbon.

Question 10

Nomenclature

1. find the length of the stem by counting the longest continuous chain of carbons
2. the functional group on the molecule tells you the ending of the name
3. number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible number carbon
4. make note of the carbon number the functional group is attached to - place this number before the suffix
5. any side chains and less important functional groups are written as prefixes in alphabetical order
6. if theres more than 1 identical functional group or side chain put di-, tri- etc

Question 11

What is a curly arrow used to represent?

Answer 11

the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 12

define chain isomerism

Answer 12

same molecular formula but different arrangement of carbons skeleton

Question 13

define positional isomerism

Answer 13

same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton

Question 14

define functional group isomerism

Answer 14

same molecular formula but different functional group

Question 15

Define stereoisomerism

Answer 15

same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 16

what causes stereoisomerism?

Answer 16

the c=c bond and the atoms bonded directly to this are planar (flat).
atoms can’t rotate around the c=c bond and is rigid. (so you cant twit the double bond to turn one isomer into the other) (restricted rotation around the double bond)

Question 17

What conditions are required for E/Z isomerism?

Answer 17

there must be 2 different atoms/groups of atoms on the same carbon

Question 18

What is E and Z isomerism?

Answer 18

E = same groups opposite the double bond
Z = same groups on the same side of the double bond

Question 19

How do we use CIP rules when deciding E/Z isomerism?

Answer 19

1. label the carbons with double bond as carbon 1 and 2
2. calculate the ATOMIC NUMBER (proton number not mass) of the elements bonded to the c=c.
3. the atom with the highest atomic number is given higher priority