3.3 Skeletons: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Overview of Appendicular skeleton
- symmetrical
- pectoral and pelvic girdles attach limbs to body trunk
- each limb has 3 major segments
Describe the pectoral girdle
Paired clavicla and scapula
- attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
- site for muscles moving upper limbs
- connects with axial skeleton at manubrium
- incomplete ring posteriorly
describe the clavicle
acts like brace to hold scapulae and arms out laterally
- smoth superior surface, rough inferior surface
- plattened acromial (lateral) end articualates with scapula
- Cone shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with sternum
describe general structure and location of scapula
- situated on posterior surface of rib cage (between ribs 2-7)
- flat triangular with 3 boarders and 3 angles
Anterior vs Posterior Scapula
Anterior
- Glenoid cavity/ Fossa
- contribuets to glenohumeral joint
- subscapular Fossa
- site of muscle attachment
- Coracoid Process
- anchors muscles and ligaments
Posterior Scapula
- Acromion
- articulates w/ clavicle (acromioclavicular joint)
- Supraspinous Fossa
- muscle attachment
- Spine of scapula
- muscle atachment
- infraspinour fossa
- muscle attachment
- glenoid cavity
Lateral Scapula
basic structure of upper limb
30 bones
3 regions: arm (humerus), forearm (radius & ulna), Hand (8 carpal, 5 metaparpal and 14 phalanges)
what is the humerus
largest longest strongest bone of upper limnb
articulates: poimally (glenoid cavity) and distally (radius and ulna)
* gelnoid = the shallow depression of the scapula found on the lateral angle
what are the structures of the Right Humerus?
Superior
- head of humerous
- greater tubericle (lateral)
- lesser tubricle (anterior)
- *tubercle = rounded projection/process
- intertubercular sulcus (sulcus = furrow)
- anatomical and surgical necks
inferior
- Capitulum (lateral condyle)
- lateral and medial epicondyle
- point of attachemnt for ligaments
- Trochlea (modial condyle
- condyle = rounded articular projection
- Radial, coronoid and olecranon fossa
*
what are the bones in the forarm?
Radius
- Lateral bone in forarm
- head articulates with capitulum of humerus & ulna
- contributes to wrist joint
Ulna
- medial bone in forarm
- forma major portion of elbow joint w/ trochlea of humerus
Trochlear notch: upper end of ulna, semilunar aka trochlear, articulates with the trochlea of the humerus (upper arm bone) to form the elbow joint.
Olecranon process: bony part of elbow
what is this
poximal portion of ulna, lateral view
structure of the hand
12 phalanges
5 metacarpals
8 carpals
structure or carpals
start at scaphoid and go clockwise
Scaphoid: s shaped
lunate: shaped like cresent
triquetrium: pyramid tri shaped
pisiform
hamate
capitate: largest and central
trapezoid: kina looks like a trapezoid
trapezium: kidna rhyms with thumb
So Long Tiny Piny Here Combs The Thumb
metacarpus and Phalanges
Metacarpus: 5 bones that form the Palm
*THUMB IS 1
Phalanges: proximal, moddle and distal regions
*Thumb aka pollex only has distal and proximal
Struture of the Pelvis girdle
- 2 coxal bones consisting fo 3 fused bones
- forms bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx
function:
- attach lower limbs to axial skeletion via strong ligaments at acetabulum
- support pelvic rogans
- trasnmit weight of upper bdoy to lower libs
struture of ilium
superior large flaring bone w/ body and ala
- posterior surface - gluteal surface
- articulates w sacrum medially (auricular surface)
*has 4 spines: posterior superior, anterior superior, posterior inferior, anterior inferior
locations of iliac spines (think corners of square)
what is the Ischium and structures
- posterior inferior part of the hip bone
pubis
- anterior portion of hip bone
- V shaped with superior and inferior pubic rami
Midline: pubic symphysis
true vs false pelvis?
wat is the pelvic outlet
False pelvis: superior to the pelvis brim
True pelvis: inferior to pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet: bounded by pubic arch, ischia, sacrum and coccyx
Male vs female pelvis
General structure
- female: tilted forwards, adapted for child breading, cavity of true pelvis is board shallow and has greater capacity
- male: less forward tilt, adapted to support heavier build, cavity is narrow and deep
Bone thickness
- female: less bones, lighter, thinner
- male: heavier bones, thicker
Acetabula:
- female: smaller and farther apart
- Male: larger and closer together
Pubic arch:
- female: broaded 80-9-0 deg - more rounded
- male angle is more acute 50-60 deg
struture of femur
- largest and strongest bone in body
- ball shaped head articulates proximally w/ acetabulum (he socket of the hipbone)
what are the bones of the elg?
- head
- medial and lateral condyle
tibial tuberosity: attaches quadriceos femoris
- Tibia: medial leg bone, articulared w/ femus, transmits weight to foot
fibula: not weight bearing, no articulation with femus - lateral and medial malleolus
regions of the foot
phalanges (14), metatarsals (5) and tarsals (7)
describe the Tarsals
- transfer wight from tibia to calcaneus
- med a medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform
- navicular (think this is the boat and the cuneiforms ride in it)
- talus,
cuboid
- calcaneus
metatarsals and phalanges
phalanges: bones of toes, II - V has 3 phalanges
*Hallux (I) has no middle
Metatarsals (5): enlarged head of metatarsal I forms “ball of foot”
Describe the arches of the foot
- maintained by interlocking bones, ligaments and tendond
- allow foot to bear weight
- ligaments and muscles suporting arches allow for “springiness”
transverse arch: posterior metatarsals & anterior tarsals
Medial longitudional arch: calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3
lateral longitudinal arch: calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsal IV-V
composition of transverse arch
posterior metatarsals and anterior tarsals
composition of longitudinal arch
calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3
compostion of lateral lonitudinal arch
- calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsal IV-V
