3.3 RBC Synthesis Flashcards
Precursor cells of platelets
Megakaryocyt
Predominant cell in the body
RBC
Extravascular form of monocytes in brain? Liver? Bone? Skin?
Microglia, Kupffer cells, osteoclasts and histiocytes
Granulocytes that are increased during bacterial infection
Neutrophil
Granulocytes that increase during parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Responsible for the production of histamine and heparin. Also the least among leukocytes.
Basophil
Lymphocytes that mature and differentiate in the thymus
T-Cells
CD8. Specifically attack viral infected cells, tumor cells, transplants or grafted cells.
Cytotoxic cells
Suppress the immune system so it will not damage itself
Suppressor T Cell
Smallest immunoglobulin that can pass through the placenta. Involved in secondary response.
IgG
Largest immunoglobulin and is involved in the primary response
IgM
Immunoglobulin that responds to parasitic infections and allergies
IgE
Protein responsible for biconcave shape of RBCs
Spectrin
Percentage of cells in the blood
Hematocrit
Protein inside the RBC that binds with oxygen
Hemoglobin
Produced in response to tissue hypoxia. Produced 90% in kidneys and 10% in liver.
Erythropoietin
Increase in number of large fragile RBC
Megaloblastic anemia
Folic acid deficiency: vitamin B12 deficiency
Neural tube defects: neural deficiencies
Lasts stage of RBC with nucleus
Orthochromatophilic eryhthroblast
Set of destruction of Hgb
Spleen
Produced in liver. Secreted into bile and duodenum. Absorbed in small intestine. Transports iron
Transferrin
Storage form of iron
Ferritin
Additional storage of iron
Hemosiderin
Cyclic compounds formed by linkage of four pyrolle rings through methyne bridges
Porphyrins
Cyclic compounds formed by the linkage of four pyrrole rings through methyne bridges
Porphyrins
Kind of porphyrin found in hemoglobin
Iron porphyrin
Site where initial and last steps of heme synthesis happens
Mitochondria.
Enzyme in formation of d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). What is its cofactor?
ALA synthase. Pyridoxine
Which is the hepatic form and erythroid form of ALA? Which is feedback regulated and not regulated?
ALAS-1 ( Hepatic form, feedback regulated)
ALAS-2 (erythroid form, not-feedback regulated)
Enzyme responsible for the formation of porphobilinogen. It contains zinc. It can also inhibited by other metals such as lead.
ALA dehydratase
In the formation of uroporphyrinogen there are two possible pathways, I and III, which is more common?
Uroporphyrinogen III. Uroporphyrinogen I is found more in diseased blood.
T/F protoporphyrin occurs spontaneously.
True
Rate of formation of protoporphyrin is enhanced by
Ferrocheletase which can also be inhibited by lead.
Genetic or acquired disorders due to abnormalities in the pathway of biosynthesis of heme
Porphyria
Most common porphyria. What are the most common symptoms?
Porphyria cutaneous Tarda. Photosensitivity, abdominal pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Pyridoxine deficiency associated with isoniazid therapy
Sideroblastic anemia with ringed sideroblasts
Most common form of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Inactivated many enzymes in heme synthesis. Specific enzymes include:
Lead poisoning. ALA dehydratase and ferrocheratase
Enzyme involved in formation of bilirubin. Where does this happen?
Heme oxygenase. Reticuloendothelial cells
Bilirubin attaches to what protein in the plasma for it to be transported to liver?
Albumin
Bilirubin is conjugated in liver into what? What enzyme is involved in this reaction?
Two molecules of glucoronic acid. Bilirubin glucoronyltransferase
Conjugated Bilirubin is secreted by the liver through formation of? It is stored in what organ?
Bile. Gallbladder. Bile: bilirubin+bile salts
Conjugated bilirubin secreted by bile is absorbed by what organ? What does this organ do to it?
Small intestine. Oxidize it and makes it into stercobilin
Blood Bilirubin>1mg
Hyperbilirubinemia
Blood bilirubin > 2.5mg
Hyperbilirubinemia
Induces bilirubin-metabolizing system
Phenobarbital
