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POD > 3.3 DNA viruses 1 > Flashcards

3.3 DNA viruses 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Important families of DNA viruses

A

-parvoviridae
-circoviridae
-polyomaviridae
-papillomaviridae

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2
Q

important viruses in the parvo family

A

CPV, FPV, PPV (canine, feline, porcine)

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3
Q

important viruses in the polyma family

A

APyV

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4
Q

important viruses in the circo family

A

BFDV, PCVAD

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5
Q

important viruses in the papilloma family

A

CPV, equine sarcoid

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6
Q

genome structure of parvo and where it replicates. Is it enveloped?

A
  • Single stranded DNA genome,
  • Replicate in the nucleus,
  • non-enveloped- resistant in the environment
  • ~25 nm (small)
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7
Q

are canine and feline parvovirus related? How closely?

A
  • Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) and Feline panleukopenia virus are genetically closely related
  • CPV-2 is a host range mutant of Feline panleukopenia virus
    –both protoparvoviruses
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8
Q

1976-1978: CPV-2 caused what?

A

a worldwide epidemic of myocarditis and gastroenteritis

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9
Q

is Canine parvovirus 2 resistant to inactivation? is it stable in the environment?

A
  • Very resistant to inactivation, stable in the environment
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10
Q

where are the receptors for Canine parvovirus 2?

A
  • Receptors on epithelial cells: gut epithelial cells
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11
Q

What is NOT a clinical presentation of CPV infection in dogs between 6 weeks and 6 months old?
a. Myocarditis
b. Acute enteric disease
c. Lymphopenia
d. Skin hyperkeratosis

A

d. Skin hyperkeratosis

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12
Q

What are target cells of feline panleukopenia virus?
a) Cells of the intestinal crypt
b) Rapidly dividing cells
c) White blood cells
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above
note - WBCs and intestinal crypt cells divide quickly

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Parvoviruses:
a. Small, double-stranded DNA viruses
b. Replicate in the cytoplasm of actively-dividing cells
c. Enveloped virus resistant to harsh environmental conditions
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
f. All except C
g. All except B

A

SS DNA, rep. in nucleus, non-enveloped
e. None of the above

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14
Q

What is the agent associated with Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome of swine?
a. Porcine parvovirus
b. SMEDI
c. Porcine circovirus 2

A

c. Porcine circovirus 2

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT CORRECT about circoviruses:
a. Non-enveloped virus that is extremely resistant in the environment
b. Replication occurs in the nucleus
c. Porcine circovirus 2 causes a complex disease with multiple syndromes
d. Linear single stranded DNA genome

A

D. linear stranded DNA
=> circoviruses have a circuloar conformation

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16
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT?
a. Both poliomaviruses and papillomaviruses are non-
enveloped viruses that can be easily disinfected with soap
b. Canine papillomavirus causes “warts” and is usually self- limiting
c. Budgerigar fledgling disease can cause high mortality in diseased birds
d. Equine sarcoid is a skin tumor

A

a. Both poliomaviruses and papillomaviruses are non-
enveloped viruses that can be easily disinfected with soap
>are both naked, resistant in environment

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17
Q

where does canine parvovirus replicate? What does it require?

A
  • Replicates in the nucleus of the infected cell - needs actively dividing cells because it needs to use the DNA replication machinery (fetal, hematopoietic/ lymphoid tissues, intestinal crypts, cardiomyocytes in neonates)
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18
Q

how is canine parvovirus released? What is its associated pathology caused by?

A
  • Release by cell lysis
  • Pathology is due to direct destruction of infected cells
19
Q

pathogenesis of CPV

A

entry - fecal-oral route
initial replication - thymus, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes
viremia - days 2-5 post-infection
=>infection of intestinal crypt epithelial cells, bone marrow progenitor cells (high rate of cell division)
=> good antibody response leads to recovery; otherwise, death
=>sheds in feces up to 1 week after recovery

20
Q

CPV-2 clinical presentation

A
  • Acute, generalized viral infection
  • Usually puppies: 6 weeks to 6 months old
  • Signs: sudden onset of haemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia and fever, depression, lymphopenia, dehydration
  • Mortality is higher in puppies than adult dogs
  • Myocarditis (infection in utero or < 2 weeks old, sudden death)
21
Q

how do we diagnose CPV?

A

Based on history, clinical signs, positive SNAP test, post- mortem findings
Identification of viral nucleic acid in feces by PCR (used to confirm Snap test)

22
Q

how can we treat, control, and prevent CPV?

A

Treatment:
Fluid and electrolytes to replenish what is lost from the diarrhea
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

Control and prevention
Disinfection and vaccination

23
Q

clinical manifestation of feline panleukopenia virus

A
  • Usually inapparent in healthy adult cats
  • Acute disease usually in young cats: dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, high mortality in kittens
  • Severe and prolonged leukopenia involving all white blood cell elements
  • Pathogenesis is very similar to Canine parvovirus 2
24
Q

pathology of feline panleukopenia virus

A

Pathology: cerebellar hypoplasia
Infection in the 2 last weeks of pregnancy or 2 weeks old kittens
Neonatal death
Congenital abnormalities: cerebellar hypoplasi

25
Q

how can we diagnose feline panleukemia virus?

A
  • Presumptive diagnosis
    > Clinical signs ( a young cat with dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia)
  • WBC (leukopenia)
  • Laboratory diagnosis
    > PCR (usually labs have feline diarrhea PCR panels)
  • Antigen detection in feces by ELISA
26
Q

how can we treat and control feline panleukopenia?

A
  • No effective treatment
  • Antibiotics may help to prevent bacterial complications
  • Vaccines: induce protective immunity to prevent the disease (but not infection)
  • Likely life-long immunity
27
Q

does porcine parvovirus survive for a long time in the environment? How does it compare antigenically to other parvoviruses? what species does it infect?

A
  • Very resistant in the environment
  • Antigenically different from other parvoviruses
  • Infects only swine
28
Q

what is a major symptom of porcine parvovirus disease?

A
  • Reproductive failure in sows
  • Return to estrus or infertility
29
Q

what type of infection is porcine parvovirus and what is the result of this?

A
  • Transplacental infection
  • SMEDI: stillbirth, mummification, embryonic deaths, infertility
30
Q

what are the physical/ structural characteristics of a circovirus? where does it replicate?

A
  • Circo= viral DNA has a CIRcular COnformation
  • Single stranded DNA genome,
  • Replicates in the nucleus of rapidly dividing host cell
  • Non-enveloped- resistant outside of the host cell
31
Q

important circoviruses

A

Beak and feather disease virus
Porcine circovirus 2

32
Q

characteristics of beak and feather disease. what are clinical signs, and prognosis?

A
  • Infection is often mild or subclinical
  • Infected psittacine birds may take weeks, months or years before showing any clinical signs, often depending on age of the bird.
  • In diseased birds clinical sign include necrotic (dead) or abnormally formed feathers.
  • Once signs are seen, most birds die from secondary infections within 6-12 months.
33
Q

where do we find porcine circovirus 2? what diseases does it cause?

A
  • Worldwide distribution, ubiquitous in swine
  • Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD): different disease manifestations associated with PCV-2
    (unknown if it is the only cause)
  • porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
34
Q

what does Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) cause?

A

-Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
- Reproductive Disease

35
Q

what is Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS); what causes it and what are its characteristics and symptoms?

A
  • Multifactorial disease
  • Gradual wasting, growth retardation
  • Pallor, anemia, jaundice, diarrhea, and inguinal lymphadenopathy
  • Lymphoid depletion
    -porcine circovirus 2 is agent
36
Q

what sorts of reproductive disease in porcine circovirus associated with?

A
  • Reproductive Disease
    Late-term abortions and stillbirths, early embryonic death or decreased reproductive performances
37
Q

what are the characteristics of polyomavirus? what does it infect? where does it replicate?

A

Poly= many Oma= tumor
Affects mammals and birds
Naked (non-enveloped) virus with dsDNA (circular) genome
Replicates in the nucleus

38
Q

what is budgerigar fledgling disease? what does it infect and what causes it? what are signs/ consequences?

A

Polyomavirus - Budgerigar fledgling disease
-Avian polyomavirus (not neoplastic)
-Psittacine and passerines
-High mortality (sudden death)
-Absence of feathers, skin lesions (survivors)
-signs of hemorrhage and pale musculature post mortem

39
Q

what type of genome do papillomaviridae have? what does the name mean? what are its physical characteristcs?

A
  • Papilla (pustule), oma (tumor)
  • A circular double stranded DNA genome
  • Non-enveloped small virus (~ 50 nm)
40
Q

what is the pathology of papillomavirus associated with?

A
  • Pathology is associated with cell transformation - carcinomas in humans
41
Q

are papillomaviruses species specific?

A

highly

42
Q

what do papillomaviruses cause in animals?

A
  • Causes infectious papillomatosis (warts) in animals
43
Q

what is the prognosis of canine papillomavirus? is it common and how is the infection passed? what happens in severe cases?

A
  • Canine papillomavirus I
  • Common and usually self-limiting
  • Puppies acquire the disease after close contact with other carriers
  • SEVERE cases show compromised eating or respiration may need surgical excision

POD (21 decks)

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