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AQA A Level Business > 3.3 Decision making to improve marketing performance > Flashcards

3.3 Decision making to improve marketing performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of marketing?

A

The role of marketing is to identify, predict and satisfy the needs of the customer in a profitable manner.

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2
Q

The marketing function has 3 basic objectives, what are they?

A
  • Determine what the market wants
  • Develop the strategy to achieve the marketing and business objectives
  • Deliver the marketing actions to achieve the objectives
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3
Q

What are marketing objectives?

A

Marketing objectives set out what a business wants to achieve from its various marketing activities. They need to be consistent with the overall aims and objectives of the business, this provides focus for the marketing department.

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4
Q

Give 5 examples of marketing objectives

A 
Market size
Market share
Market growth
Sales growth
Brand loyalty
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5
Q

Define market size

A

The number of sales, by value or volume, in a market as a whole.

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6
Q

Define market share

A

The proportion of total sales that a particular firm controls in a market

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7
Q

Define market growth

A

The percentage increase in the size of the total market in terms of either value or volume

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8
Q

Define sales growth

A

The percentage increase in the size of the sales of a firm in terms of either value or volume

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of internal factors on marketing objectives

A

Corporate objectives
Finance
Human Resources

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10
Q

Give 4 examples of external factors on marketing objectives

A

Market
Technology
Competitors
Ethical / environmental factors

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11
Q

What are the 5 ways you can classify markets?

A 
Geography
Nature of the product
Seasonality
Development level
Product destination
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12
Q

Give 4 ways a business can carry out market analysis

A

Sales growth
Market growth
Market share
Market mapping

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13
Q

Market growth formula

A

New market size - Old market size
————————————————– X 100
Old market size

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14
Q

Market share formula

A

Sales
———————— X 100
Total market size

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15
Q

Sales growth formula

A

Sales this year - Sales last year
———————————————- X 100
Sales last year

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16
Q

What is market mapping?

A

A market map is a diagrammatic technique that enables businesses to display the perceptions of customers.
It compares different variables regarding products and consumers; it can be used to analyse consumer buying habits.
It also highlights gaps in the market

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17
Q

What is market research?

A

Market research is the process of gathering data and information about the market. It supports businesses to spot opportunities and decide what to do next.

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18
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Research concerned with data. Main method of collecting quantitative research is through surveys

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19
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Opinions, attitudes, beliefs and intentions

Usually gathered through focus groups

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20
Q

What is primary research?

A

Business gathers new data themselves or employs someone to do it for them on their behalf

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21
Q

What is secondary research?

A

Analysing and utilising research that has previously been collected

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22
Q

What does sampling allow?

A

Sampling allows a business to gain an insight into the needs and wants of the customer in a cost effective manner

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23
Q

What impacts the value of information collected by sampling?

A
  • The sampling technique
  • How the sample was carried out
  • The size of the sample
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24
Q

What does the size of a sample depend on?

A
  • Budget available
  • The importance of accuracy
  • Degree of confidence in results
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25
Q

What should market research avoid?

A

Market research must as a whole avoid bias!

There should be no leading questions and no intimidating tactics during interviews and focus groups.

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26
Q

What are the 3 main types of sampling?

A
  • Simple random
  • Stratified
  • Quota
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27
Q

What is time series analysis?

A

Times series analysis looks at data over time to reveal underlying patterns by recording and plotting data over time

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28
Q

What is a trend on a time series analysis graph?

A

Trends are the long term movement of a variable. Trends can be upward, constant or downward but there are usually fluctuations around the trend.

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29
Q

What are seasonal fluctuations?

A

Seasonal fluctuations are changes that repeat on a regular basis

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30
Q

What is extrapolation?

A

Using past data to extend an identified trend and extending it into the future

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31
Q

What is a disadvantage to extrapolation?

A

The past is not always a good indication of the future. Conditions and trends can soon change due to competitors’ actions, consumer tastes and market conditions

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32
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation is a measure of how closely two variables are related

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33
Q

What are confidence levels?

A

Confidence levels indicate how sure you are that the value for the population lies within the confidence interval

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34
Q

Why are confidence intervals useful for a business?

A
  • A business benefits from the use of statistics in estimating or predicting future events
  • A confidence interval helps a business evaluate the reliability of a particular estimate
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35
Q

Give 4 ways in which technology can be used to gather information about customers

A
  • Loyalty cards
  • Social networking sites
  • Search engines
  • WiFi signals
  • (cookies)
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36
Q

Give 4 advantages of using software to do your marketing analysis

A
  • gather and analyse large volumes of data quickly
  • lower running costs
  • track and interpret consumer spending habits
  • store lots of information
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37
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of using software to do your marketing analysis

A
  • higher fixed costs at the start
  • you have to train staff to use new software
  • takes time to update software or new technology
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38
Q

Define price elasticity of demand (PED)

A

Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how responsive demand is to a change in price

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39
Q

What does price elastic mean?

A

Price elastic demand means that a change in price will lead to a more than proportional change in demand.
ie demand is sensitive to price changes

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40
Q

What does price inelastic mean?

A

Price inelastic demand means that a change in price will lead to a less than proportional change in demand
ie demand is not sensitive to price changes

41
Q

If the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1 (ignoring the negative sign), is the product price elastic or price inelastic?

A

Price elastic

42
Q

If the price elasticity of demand is between 0 and 1 (ignoring the negative sign), is the product price elastic or price inelastic?

A

Price inelastic

43
Q

Formula for PED

A

% change in quantity demanded
————————————————— = PED
% change in price

44
Q

What happens to revenue if you raise or lower the price of a price elastic product?

A

If you raise selling price, sales revenue will decrease.

If you lower swelling price, sales revenue will generally increase.

45
Q

What happens to REVENUE if you raise or lower the price of a price inelastic product?

A

If you raise selling price, sales revenue will increase.

If you lower selling price, sales revenue will decrease.

46
Q

Give 6 factors which influence PED

A
  • the availability of substitutes
  • the price of competitor goods
  • time
  • branding
  • income
  • nature of the good
47
Q

What does YED measure?

A

Income elasticity of demand measures the extent to which the quantity of a product demanded is affected by the change in income

48
Q

If YED is more than 1, what type of good is it?

A

A luxury

49
Q

If YED is less than 1 but greater than 0, what type of good is it?

A

A necessity

50
Q

If YED is less than 0, what type of good is it?

A

An inferior good

51
Q

Give 2 examples of luxury goods

A
  • Expensive holidays

- Branded goods

52
Q

Give 2 examples of necessity goods

A
  • Staple groceries

- Own label goods

53
Q

What does STP stand for?

A

Segment > Target > Position

54
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Segmentation divides a market into groups of buyers. Each group will have different wants and needs and require a different marketing mix

55
Q

What are the 4 ways you can segment a market?

A

1) Demographic
2) Geographic
3) Income
4) Behaviour

56
Q

Why is segmentation useful?

A

It identifies new customers, markets and products. It can also help to indentify the best way to market a product

57
Q

What is a disadvantage to segmentation?

A

It can cause companies to ignore the needs of potential customers. It can be difficult to break the market into obvious segments and even more difficult to find ways of marketing to specific demographics

58
Q

After segmenting a market, what must a business then do?

A

Target

59
Q

What are the 3 approaches to targeting a market?

A

1) Concentrated marketing
2) Differentiated marketing
3) Undifferentiated marketing

60
Q

Explain concentrated marketing and what type of companies does this suit?

A

Involves targeting one or two segments. It is good for small businesses with limited resources. The segment must be big enough for a decent return and have potential growth.

61
Q

Explain what differentiated marketing is and which companies this suits?

A

Where several markets are targeted and the product and marketing mix are adapted to appeal to each segment. This is only feasible for large companies with large budgets.

62
Q

Explain what is undifferentiated marketing is and which types of products is this good for?

A

It is where segments are ignored and the company tries to reach the entire market with a single product to appeal to each segment. It makes sense for widely used products, eg toothpaste

63
Q

What are the two markets that businesses can target?

A

Niche and mass markets

64
Q

What should a business do after segmenting and targeting a market?

A

Position

65
Q

What is positioning?

A

Positioning is creating an image of your brand or product in the mind of your target customer

66
Q

Give 3 influences on the positioning of a business

A

1) State of the market
2) Company’s current products
3) Attributes of the company

67
Q

List the 7p’s

A 
Price 
Product
Place
Promotion
People
Physical environment 
Process
68
Q

A business’ marketing mix must be…

A

Integrated

69
Q

Give the 3 types of consumer product

A

Convenience
Shopping
Speciality

70
Q

What is a convenient product?

A

Inexpensive, everyday items bought regularly by lots of people

71
Q

What are shopping products?

A

These are things like clothes, computers and washing machines that are bought less regularly than convenience products. They are more expensive and are sold in fewer places than convenience products

72
Q

What are speciality products?

A

These are products that are unique in some way. Percieved image and quality are more important to consumers than price for speciality products, so higher profits can be made from them

73
Q

What does the Boston matrix analyse?

A

Product portfolio

74
Q

What does the x-axis represent on a Boston matrix?

A

Market share

75
Q

What does the y-axis on the Boston Matrix represent?

A

Market growth

76
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the Boston Matrix?

A

Stars
Question marks
Cash cows
Dogs

77
Q

Give 3 reasons why it is beneficial to develop new products

A

1) Bring in new customers
2) They give a competitive advantage
3) They allow companies to maintain a balanced product portfolio

78
Q

What are the 5 stages of the product life cycle?

A

1) Research and development
2) Introduction
3) Growth
4) Maturity
5) Decline

79
Q

What extension strategies can a business implement to prolong the life of a product?

A

1) Product development
2) Market development
3) Change the distribution channels
4) Change the pricing strategy - offers and competitions
5) Promotions - new ad campaign

80
Q

Give some factors that affect pricing decisions

A

1) Value of costs / mark ups
2) How price sensitive customers are
3) Price elasticity of demand
4) The stage of the products life cycle
5) Corporate objectives
6) The price of competitor products

81
Q

Give the 7 types of pricing strategies

A

1) Price skimming
2) Price penetration
3) Predatory pricing
4) Competitive pricing
5) Psychological pricing
6) Loss leaders
7) Price discrimination

82
Q

What is price skimming? And give an example

A

When new and innovative products are sold at high prices when they first reach the market. Consumers will pay more because the product has scarity value, and the high price boosts the products image and increases its appeal. An example of this is the launch of PS5

83
Q

What is price penetration?

A

The opposite of skimming. It means launching a product at a low price in order to attract customers and gain market share. It is especially effective in markets that are price-sensitive

84
Q

What is predatory pricing?

A

When a business deliberately lowers prices to force another business out of the market (this is illegal under EU and US laws)

85
Q

What is competitive pricing?

A

When companies monitor their competitors’ prices to make sure that their own prices are set at an equal or lower level

86
Q

What is psychological pricing?

A

Basing prices on customers expectations. A high price may make people think the product is high quality.

87
Q

What are loss leaders?

A

Products that are sold at or below cost price. These products will lose money but they’ll make a profit for the business indirectly by enticing customers into the shop where they will buy full priced items

88
Q

What is price discrimination?

A

When a company sells its product at different prices to different groups of consumers, eg theme park ticket prices will vary according to the age of the customer

89
Q

What is the purpose of promotion?

A

Promotion is designed to inform customers about a product or service or persuade them to buy it

90
Q

What is the difference between industrial promotion and consumer promotion?

A

Industrial promotion tends to be informative, whereas consumer promotion tends to be persuasive

91
Q

Excluding advertising, what are the other types of promotion?

A

1) Merchandising
2) Direct mail
3) Personal selling
4) Relationship marketing
5) Event sponsorship
6) Shopping channels

92
Q

What are the 4 types of distribution channels?

A

1) Direct selling (0 level channel)
2) Indirect selling (1 level channel)
3) Direct selling through an agent (1 level channel)
4) Indirect selling (2 level channel)

93
Q

Describe the direct selling channel

A

Manufacturer => Consumer

94
Q

Describe the indirect selling channel (1 level channel)

A

Manufacturer => Retailer => Consumer

95
Q

Describe the direct selling through an agent channel

A

Manufacturer => Agent => Consumer

96
Q

Describe the indirect selling channel (2 level channel)

A

Manufacturer => Wholesaler => Retailer => Consumer

97
Q

The fewer intermediaries in the distribution chain, the more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a business has over how its products are sold

A

Control

98
Q

What are 5 examples of things that are included in physical environment?

A

1) Decor and appearance
2) Appearance of the website
3) Appearance of staff
4) Layout
5) Practicality and safety

AQA A Level Business (13 decks)

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