3.3) Crop Protection Flashcards

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1
Q
  • What do weeds do and what are the properties of perennial and annual weeds?
A
  • Weeds compete with crop plants, while other pests and diseases damage crop plants,
    ➞ all of which reduce productivity
  1. PERENNIAL WEEDS ♾️
    ➞ type of weeds that continue to grow every season
    * storage organs (plant has food in all environmental conditions)
    * vegetative reproduction (perenneial weeds can reproduce using other methods in additon to seeds - sexual reproduction)
  2. ANNUAL WEEDS 🗓️
    ➞ type of weed which completes its life cycle in one growing season or year
    * rapid growth
    * short life cycle
    * high seed output
    * long-term seed viability
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2
Q
  • What organisms can affect plant crops?
A
  • Pests - Invertabrate animals:
    INSECTS (e.g. aphids)
    NEMATODES (e.g. parasitic roundworms)
    MOLLUSCS (e.g. slugs and snails)
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3
Q
  • How are plant diseases caught?
A
  • Plant diseases can be caused by:
    FUNGI 🍄
    BACTERIA 🧫
    VIRUSES 🦠
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4
Q
  • What are some cultural control methods?
A
  1. PLOUGHING
    ➞ buries perennial weeds so they die and decompose
  2. WEEDING
    ➞ weeds removed early in the life of the crop allows the crop to become stronger
  3. CROP ROTATION
    ➞ a series of different crops are grown on the same piece of land over time (the current crop will not have the same pests as the next crop)
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5
Q
  • What are some chemical control methods?
A
  • Pesticides, which include:
    HERBICIDES (kill weeds) 🌿
    FUNGICIDES (control fungal diseases) 🍄
    INSECTICIDES (kill insect pests) 🪲
    MOLLUSCICIDES (kill mollusc pests) 🐌
    NEMATICIDES (kill nematode pests) 🪱
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6
Q
  • What are the advantages of selective or systemic pesticides?
A
  • SELECTIVE:
    ➞ herbicides have a greater effect on certain plant species (broad leaved weeds)
    ↳ Crop plants absorb little of the chemical.
    ➜ Selective herbicides are biodegradable and do not cause harm to the soil.
  • SYSTEMIC:
    ➞ herbicides spreads through the vascular system of plants and prevents regrowth
    ↳ other systemic pesticides (insecticides, molluscicides and nematicides) spread through the vascular system of plants and kill pests feeding on plants.
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7
Q
  • Describe problems with pesticides in terms of bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
A
  • Some pesticides used in crop production have found to be toxic to non-target species (e.g. animals)
  • There are examples of chemicals (such as DDT) that persist in the environment and accumulate over time.
    ➞ This is called bioaccumulation and involves the build up of chemicals in an organism.
  • An increase in the concentration of a chemical (such as DDT) moving between the trophic levels of a food chain is known as biomagnification.
    ➞ This may lead to poisoning if animals further along the food chain, or resistant pest populations.
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8
Q
  • What is a biological control and can you explain the risks with biological control?
A
  • ‘Biological control’
    ➞ reduces the pest population by using a natural parasite, predator or pathogen.
  • The risks with a biological control
    ➞ include the control organism becoming an invasive species, or it becoming a parasite, predator or pathogen of another species.
  • Invasive species can spread rapidly and/or eliminate native species
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9
Q
  • Describe ‘integrated pest managment
A
  • Integrated pest management
    ➞ is the combination of cultural, chemical and biological control.
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