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Higher Biology 2022 > 3.3 Crop Protection > Flashcards

3.3 Crop Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the three main biotic factors that reduce crop productivity

A

Weeds
Pests
Diseases

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2
Q

How do weeds have an effect on crops?

A

Compete with crops for space, light, water and nutrients reducing the yield of crops.

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3
Q

How do pests have an effect on crops?

A

Cause damages to leaves, reducing photosynthesis potential

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4
Q

How do diseases affect crops?

A

Plants metabolism is harmed by the pathogen

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5
Q

What are the two types of weeds?

A

Annual and Perennial

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6
Q

Describe the properties of an annual weed

A

Short Life-cycle (1 year)
High number of seeds
Sexual Reproduction
Rapid Growth

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7
Q

Describe the properties of a perennial weed

A

Long lifecycle
Asexual Reproduction
Storage Organs (bulbs, tubers etc.)

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8
Q

What is the function of storage organs in perennial plants?

A

To act as a store of energy ready to help growth if conditions are not ideal

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9
Q

What are the three types of invertebrate pests for plants?

A

Molluscs
Insects
Nematode Worms

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10
Q

What are the three types of disease causing agents?

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Virus

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11
Q

How are plant diseases often carried?

A

Inverebrate Vectors

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12
Q

Describe ‘Cultural Methods’ of crop protection

A

Cultural methods are the non chemical, traditional, ways of controlling a pest/disease/weeds.

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13
Q

Give an example of a cultural method of crop protection

A

Ploughing
Weeding
Crop rotation

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14
Q

Chemical control involves pesticides. What are the five types of pesticide?

A 
Herbicides kill weeds
Insecticides kill insect pests
Fungicides control fungal diseases
Molluscicides kill mollusc pests
Nematicides kill nematode pests
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15
Q

A selective pesticide works by only ____________ whilst leaving others unharmed.

A

removing certain organisms. Selective pesticide works by only removing certain organisms whilst leaving others unharmed

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16
Q

A systemic pesticide works by?

A

Spreading through vascular system of plant.

17
Q

What is an advantage of a selective herbicide?

A

Able to target broad leaved plants only, and will not have an effect on a narrow leaved plants

18
Q

What is an advantage of a systemic herbicide?

A

Will spread through whole plant, killing all parts of plant and preventing regeneration. Which is more effective against perennial weeds.

19
Q

What type of herbicide would you recommend for a perennial weed?

A

Systemic, so it kills the storage organ, preventing regrowth

20
Q

What is ‘disease forecasting’

A

Predicting when diseases will arrive based on weather forecasts

21
Q

Why is protective application based on disease forecasting more efficient than applying once crop infected?

A
  • Fungal Infections spread very rapidly and so preventive methods must be used to prevent the infection occurring, which is protective application
22
Q

What are the two types of pesticide?

A

Selective and Systemic

23
Q

Describe how systemic insecticides, molluscicides and nematicides work?

A

Spread through vascular system of plant and kill pests feeding on the plant

24
Q

Describe a disadvantage of chemical protection of crops

A

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
Persistent in the environment
Toxic to non-target species

25
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

It is a build-up of a chemical in an organism

26
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

Biomagnification is an increase in the concentration of a chemical moving between trophic levels.

27
Q

What is biological control?

A

Addition of natural predator, parasite or pathogen to control a pest population

28
Q

State a disadvantage of biological control

A

May become Invasive, out-competing native species and reducing biodiversity

29
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

The combination of chemical and biological control to control a pest population

30
Q

What is an advantage of integrated pest management?

A

Reduces quantity of chemicals used

31
Q

Give an example of biological control

A

Parasitic wasps to control an aphid population

Higher Biology 2022 (24 decks)

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