325 e 2 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

this is the amt of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water

A

osmotic pressure

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2
Q

this measures the water balance in the body

A

osmolality

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3
Q

this is the force within a fluid compartment and the major source that pushes water out of the vascular system at the cap level

A

hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

the is the force of fluid in a compartment pushing against a CM or vessel wall

A

hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

this is also called colloidal pressure

A

oncotic pressure

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6
Q

this is the osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in a solution

A

oncotic pressure

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7
Q

_____ is the major colloid in vascular system contributing to total osmotic pressure

A

protein

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8
Q

two thirds of body water is ______

A

ICF

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9
Q

the body fluids within the cell is ___

A

ICF

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10
Q

one third of body water

A

ECF

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11
Q

body fluids outside the CM

A

ECF

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12
Q

intravascuar, interstitial , and transcellular fluids

A

what ECF divides into

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13
Q

the plasma is the liquid part of blood and also called ____

A

intravascular fluid

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14
Q

this is located between the cells and outside of the BVs

A

interstitial fluid

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15
Q

this is CSF, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids are all

A

transcellular body fluids

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16
Q

this has excess fluid volume

A

hypervolemia

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17
Q

this is excess of water and electrolytes

A

hypervolemia

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18
Q

sodium follows water, so when there is excess water, there is excess ___

A

Na

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19
Q

VS for what imbalance are tachycardia and bounding pulse with vascular overload?(which volemia?)

A

hypervolemia

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20
Q

this has hypertension, tachypnea, and increased ICP

A

hypervolemia

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21
Q

there is weakness and visual changes with this

A

hypervolemia

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22
Q

paresthesias and altered LOC and seizures belong to what?

A

hypervolemia

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23
Q

if you are hypovolemic and have a seizure, you will become suddenly ____ and have excess water

A

hyponatremic

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24
Q

you see ascites, liver enlargement and have increased motility

A

hypervolemia

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25
Q

you see crackles, cough and dyspnea

A

hypervolemia

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26
Q

you see peripheral edema, weight gain, and cool pallor skin

A

hypervolemia

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27
Q

you see increased urine output and distended neck veins

A

hypervolemia

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28
Q

you see dependent edema and pulm edema when severe

A

hypervolemia

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29
Q

you see anxiety, increased vein distension, and premature ventricular contractions

A

pulm edema

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30
Q

you see a changed LOC, restlessness, and lethargy

A

pulm edema

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31
Q

you see ascending crackles and cough with sputum

A

pulm edema

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32
Q

if someone has pulm edema, put the ct in ____ to maximze ventilation and give O2

A

high fowlers

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33
Q

if someone has pulm edema; get a ___ airway pressure, and intubate and do ventilation

A

pos

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34
Q

if someone has pulm edema; give ___, nitrates, and diuretics if BP is good

A

morphine

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35
Q

you want to tell the pt to consume low Na diet and restrict fluid intake with ____. if they have a history of heart disease and impaired kidneys

A

hypervolemia

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36
Q

tell the pt to weigh daily and R a 1-2 lb gain in 24 h and 3 lb in 1 wk if they have ____

A

hypervolemia

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37
Q

fluid restriction, labs, and chest xray are the collab interventions for

A

hypervolemia

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38
Q

what the purpose of the xray for hypervolemia?

A

reveal pulm congestion

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39
Q

given by provider, take strict I & O, pt education and pace liquids out are

A

the fluid restrictions for hypervolemia

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40
Q

swab cold water into mouth if you have

A

fluid restrictions for hypervolemia

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41
Q

you expect to find decreased Hct, Hb and blood osmolarity for

A

hypervolemia

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42
Q

you expect to see fluid excess, decreased urine Na and specific gravity and BUN(due to plamsa dilution) for

A

hypervolemia

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43
Q

you want to mon I and O, mon daily weight, and assess breath sounds with

A

hypervolemia

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44
Q

you want to mon peripheral edema, maintain Na and fluid restriction for

A

hypervolemia

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45
Q

you want to encourage rest, mon diuretic pts, and put pt in semifolwers or fowlers position for

A

hypervolemia

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46
Q

you want to reposition the pt to prevent breakdown in edematous skin, and assess bony prominences for

A

hypervolemia

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47
Q

you want to mon blood sodium and K levels for

A

hypervolemia

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48
Q

you want to have pulmonology to be consulted in fluid in the lungs if its

A

hypervolemia

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49
Q

you see sudden weight loss and skin tenting with

A

hypovolemia

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50
Q

you see dry MM, lightheadedness, and oliguria with

A

hypovolemia

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51
Q

you see vascular underload and flat neck veins when supine with

A

hypovolemia

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52
Q

you see rapid thready vascular pulse, postural BP drop with HR increase with

A

vascular underload

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53
Q

you see syncope and circulatory shock if severe with

A

hypovolemia

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54
Q

isotonic dehydration is also called

A

hypovolemia

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55
Q

this is a lack of water and electrolytes

A

hypovolemia

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56
Q

this causes a decrease in blood volume

A

hypovolemia

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57
Q

this is also called fluid volume deficit

A

hypovolemia

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58
Q

you see hyperthermia and tachycardia with

A

hypovolemia

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59
Q

you see a thready pulse and hypotension with

A

hypovolemia

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60
Q

you see postural hypotension and decreased central venous pressure with

A

hypovolemia

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61
Q

you see tachypnea and hypoxia with

A

hypovolemia

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62
Q

you see dizziness and syncope with

A

hypovolemia

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63
Q

you see confusion and weakness and fatigue with

A

hypovolemia

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64
Q

you see thirst and dry furrowed tongue with

A

hypovolemia

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65
Q

you see nausea and vomit with

A

hypovolemia

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66
Q

you see anorexia and acute weight loss with

A

hypovolemia

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67
Q

you see oliguria and diminished cap refill with

A

hypovolemia

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68
Q

you see cool clammy skin and diaphoresis with

A

hypovolemia

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69
Q

you see sunken eye balls with

A

hypovolemia

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70
Q

the effects of fluid imbalance in ____ is greater bc of loss of elesticity of skin

A

older folk

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71
Q

the effects of fluid imbalance in ____ is greater bc of decrease in GFR and the concentrating ability of kidneys

A

older folk

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72
Q

the effects of fluid imbalance in ____ is greater bc loss of muscle mass and diminished thirst reflex

A

older folk

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73
Q

with dehyrdration, you see elevated temp and if severe u can have a seizure with

A

hypovolemia

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74
Q

complications of hypovolemia are _____/___________ _____

A

hypovolemic/circulatory shock

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75
Q

drink fluids to hydrate and know signs of dehydration is the ct teaching with

A

hypovolemia

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76
Q

vomit and large draining wounds are signs of

A

dehydration

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77
Q

diarrhea or excessive ostomy losses are signs of

A

dehydration

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78
Q

giving fluid replacement as a collab intervention with

A

hypovolemia

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79
Q

with lab tests you see a Na level of above 145, blood osmolality GT 295 with dehydration/hypernatremia, and urine gravity above 1030 for ____

A

hypovolemia

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80
Q

with lab tests, you see Hct increased in _____and BUN increases above 25 with ____

A

hypovolemia

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81
Q

you collab with HCP to determine fluid volume replacement and O2 management with _____

A

hypovolemia

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82
Q

as a nurse, you give oral and IV therapy; mon I and O; mon BP and HR; and mon for mentation and confusion to see worsening fluid imbalance for _______

A

hypovolemia

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83
Q

as a nurse you: weight every 8 hours while in fluid therapy; assess gait stability; encourage the pt to roll from side to side or stand up slowly for ____

A

hypovolemia

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84
Q

This is GT 145

A

Hypernatremia

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85
Q

This happens when there is an increased sodium causes hypertonicity of the blood

A

Hypernatremia

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86
Q

This causes a shift of water out of the cells resulting in dehydrated cells

A

Hypernatremia

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87
Q

This can significant neurological, endocrine, and cardiac disturbances

A

Hypernatremia

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88
Q

This is an elevated serum sodium that may occur with water loss or sodium gain

A

Hypernatremia

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89
Q

Symptoms of this are dehydration and volume deficit

A

Hypernatremia

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90
Q

Symptoms of this are postural hypotension, weakness, and decreased skin tugor

A

Hypernatremia

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91
Q

This is treated by cause…with water deficits, volume is _____. If sodium excess, _____ is accomplished with sodium free IV fluids

A

Replaced; dilution

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92
Q

Hyperthermia and tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension are EF for what imbalance?

A

Hypernatremia

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93
Q

Restlessness, fatigue and disorientation are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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94
Q

Irritability and muscle twitching are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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95
Q

Seizures and decreased LOC and absent DTRs are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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96
Q

Thirst and dry & sticky MM are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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97
Q

Dry and swollen tongue that’s red in color and increased motility are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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98
Q

Hyperactive bowel sounds, Ab cramping, and nausea are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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99
Q

Edema, warm flushed skin and oliguria are signs of

A

Hypernatremia

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100
Q

Seizures and coma are EF of

A

Hypernatremia

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101
Q

Diarrhea and anorexia are EF of

A

Hypernatremia

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102
Q

Nausea and vomiting are EF of

A

Hypernatremia

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103
Q

Urine gravity and osmolality are ____ in hypernatremia

A

Increased

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104
Q

You want to weigh daily and have a low sodium diet and adhere to fluid intake as prescribed are ct teaching for

A

Hypernatremia

105
Q

You want to mon LOC and ensure safety with what imbalance?

A

Hypernatremia

106
Q

Provide oral hygiene and other comfort measures to decrease thirst when dealing with

A

Hypernatremia

107
Q

Mon I and O and do low sodium diet with

A

Hypernatremia

108
Q

You want to encourage oral fluids (more water, less sodium) when you look at ____

A

Hypernatremia

109
Q

Give hypotonic and isotonic IV fluids with what imbalance?

A

Hypernatremia

110
Q

Give diuretics if impaired kidney excretion is the cause of this imbalance. What’s the imbalance?

A

Hypernatremia

111
Q

Mon LOC and ensure safety for

A

hypernatremia

112
Q

Mon VS and heart rhythm and auscultate lung sounds for

A

hypernatremia

113
Q

Do good oral hygiene, decrease thirst, and mon I and O with

A

hypernatremia

114
Q

Dextrose 5% in 0.45% solution NaCl is a hypertonic solution to give a pt with

A

hypernatremia

115
Q

0.3 % NaCl is a hypotonic solution and provides a gradual reduction in blood Na levels an ____ the risk for cerebral edema

A

Reduces

116
Q

0.3% NaCl for a _____ pt is preferred

A

Hyperglycemic

117
Q

D5W and 0.9% NaCl are ____ solutions

A

Isotonic

118
Q

With excess sodium, encourage ____ intake and reduce sodium intake

A

Water

119
Q

Give diuretics for pt with ___ kidney excretion

A

Poor

120
Q

body fluids are too dilute in

A

hyponatremia

121
Q

swollen cell causes impaired cerebral function and that is the basis for

A

hyponatremia

122
Q

people ate risk for this imbalance often had a rapid infusion of D5W or too much water in a few hours

A

hyponatremia

123
Q

ppl who secrete excessive ADH develop this imbalance

A

hyponatremia

124
Q

water excess from sodium free or hypotonic fluids are the common cause of this

A

hyponatremia

125
Q

symptoms are manifested in the CNS or PNS for hyponatremia?

A

CNS

126
Q

if the hyponatremia is from water excess, you do ____ restriciton. if fluid loss, you want to ___ with sodium containing solutions

A

fluid; replace

127
Q

this is a net gain of water or loss of sodium rich fluids

A

hyponatremia

128
Q

this delays and slows the depolarization of membranes

A

hyponatremia

129
Q

the water moves from the ECF to the ICF and causes the cell to swell with this imbalance

A

hyponatremia

130
Q

kidney salt wasting can occur with ____use

A

diuretic

131
Q

this is caused by fluid imbalance and results in sodium loss with

A

hyponatremia

132
Q

there is impaired cerebral function which leads to decreased LOC, nausea, severe(seizure) in what imbalance?

A

hyponatremia

133
Q

this is less than 130 levels of Na

A

hyponatremia

134
Q

results from an excess of water in plasma or loss of sodium rich fluids

A

hyponatremia

135
Q

this delays and slows the depolarization of membranes

A

hyponatremia

136
Q

this is where water moves from ECF to ICF that causes cells to swell

A

hyponatremia

137
Q

you see a varied level of ECF volume with

A

hyponatremia

138
Q

you see hypothermia and tachycardia with

A

hyponatremia

139
Q

you see rapid thready pulse and hypotension with

A

hyponatremia

140
Q

Orthostatic hypotension and headache are seen with

A

Hyponatremia

141
Q

You see confusion and lethargy with

A

Hyponatremia

142
Q

You seee muscle weakness with respiratory compromise with

A

Hyponatremia

143
Q

Fatigue and decreased DTRs are seen with

A

Hyponatremia

144
Q

Seizures and coma are seen with

A

Hyponatremia

145
Q

You see increased GI motility and hyperactive bowel sounds with

A

Hyponatremia

146
Q

You see Ab cramps and anorexia with

A

Hyponatremia

147
Q

You see nausea and vomit with

A

Hyponatremia

148
Q

Bounding pulse with Hyponatremia when the pt is ____

A

Hypervolemic

149
Q

With Hyponatremia the pt teaching is to ______

A

Weigh daily 1-2 overnight or 3 in wk; do high sodium diet

150
Q

if the pt can tolerate fluids, give food and fluid to replace ___ with hyponatremia

A

sodium

151
Q

encourage beef broth and _____ juice for a pt with hyponatremia

A

tomato

152
Q

give what IV fluids for hyponatremia?

A

lactated ringers and 0.9% isotonic saline

153
Q

if there is a rapid rise in sodium level there is risk of developing ____

A

neurological damage due to demyelination

154
Q

if there is fluid overload, and the pt has hyponatremia, you want to _____ water intake

A

restrict

155
Q

mon I and O and VS and LOC if the pt has

A

hyponatremia

156
Q

for hyponatremia, call ___ for E and F replacement

A

nephrology

157
Q

for oxygen management, you want to call respiratory services if the pt has

A

hyponatremia

158
Q

if the pt with hyponatremia has muscle weakness, mon ____ status

A

respiratory

159
Q

encourage cheese, milk and condiments if the pt has

A

hyponatremia

160
Q

if______________ is severe, you give hypertonic oral and IV fluids

A

hyponatremia

161
Q

this is elevated K levels

A

Hyperkalemia

162
Q

the most common cause of ____ is renal failure

A

Hyperkalemia

163
Q

this is common with massive cell destruction like tumor lysis and burn or crash injury

A

Hyperkalemia

164
Q

this is common with rapid transfusion of blood and infections like catabolic states

A

Hyperkalemia

165
Q

there is cardiac conduction disturbances with

A

Hyperkalemia

166
Q

there is cramping leg pain and weakness of skeletal muscle ass with

A

Hyperkalemia

167
Q

___% of K is within the cells

A

98

168
Q

you want to mon the ECG of _____ pts to detect fatal dysrhymias and mon the therapy effects

A

Hyperkalemia

169
Q

if there are cardiac dysrhythmia with Hyperkalemia you want to give them ____

A

IV Ca gluconate

170
Q

this is the result of K leaving the cells

A

Hyperkalemia

171
Q

the result of inadequate kidney excretion is

A

Hyperkalemia

172
Q

there is an increased risk of cardiac arrest with

A

Hyperkalemia

173
Q

there is a slow irregular pulse and hypotension with

A

Hyperkalemia

174
Q

there is restlessness and irritability with

A

Hyperkalemia

175
Q

there is flaccid paralysis and paresthesia with

A

Hyperkalemia

176
Q

there is premature ventricular contractions and ventricular fibrillation with

A

Hyperkalemia

177
Q

there is peaked T waves and diarrhea with

A

Hyperkalemia

178
Q

there is increased GI motility and hyperactive bowel sounds with

A

Hyperkalemia

179
Q

there is bilateral ascending flaccid muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias with

A

Hyperkalemia

180
Q

you want to keep in mind serving size and teach the consequences for

A

Hyperkalemia

181
Q

restrict K rich foods if a pt has

A

Hyperkalemia

182
Q

avoid salt substitutes if a pt has ____

A

Hyperkalemia

183
Q

avoid metformin bc it can increase risk of _____ and avoid diuretics

A

Hyperkalemia

184
Q

with ____, call nephrology if dialysis is needed

A

Hyperkalemia

185
Q

with ___, cardiology can be consulted for dysrhythmias

A

Hyperkalemia

186
Q

with ___, nutritional services can be consulted for food choices

A

Hyperkalemia

187
Q

the ECG for imbalance will show this: peaked T waves, widened PR and QRS and you may see dysrhythmias and asystole

A

Hyperkalemia

188
Q

do dialysis if ___ levels are high

A

K

189
Q

give IV fluids with dextrose and regular insulin to promote the moving of K from ECF to ICF with what imbalance

A

Hyperkalemia

190
Q

mon cardiac rhythm and maintain IV access for

A

Hyperkalemia

191
Q

give Na polystyrene sulfonate if you have

A

Hyperkalemia

192
Q

with Hyperkalemia , the nursing priority is to prevent ____

A

falls

193
Q

with Hyperkalemia , assess muscle ____

A

weakness

194
Q

observe GI manifestation like nausea and intestinal coli for

A

Hyperkalemia

195
Q

mon for signs of hypokalemia while giving K ____ level meds

A

reducing

196
Q

give Na bicarb to reverse ___

A

acidosis

197
Q

dont give ___ blood to ppl with impaired kidney function

A

aged

198
Q

avoid legumes, citrus, and whole grains if you have

A

Hyperkalemia

199
Q

avoid lean meat, milk and eggs if you have

A

Hyperkalemia

200
Q

avoid cocoa and cola if you have

A

Hyperkalemia

201
Q

give apples, cranberries, and grapes to someone that has

A

Hyperkalemia

202
Q

give canned peaches, and cranberry/grape juice if pt has

A

Hyperkalemia

203
Q

give lettuce, cabbage, and cucumbers if pt has

A

Hyperkalemia

204
Q

give green peppers, sweet onions and green peas if pt has

A

Hyperkalemia

205
Q

give green beans if a pt has

A

Hyperkalemia

206
Q

leach veggies to ___ K content

A

decrease

207
Q

give refined grains to a ____ pt

A

Hyperkalemia

208
Q

give tea, coffee and ginger ale to a ____ pt

A

Hyperkalemia

209
Q

give root bear, applesauce, and angel food cake to A ___ PT

A

Hyperkalemia

210
Q

give butter, margarine, and hard candy to a ____ pt

A

Hyperkalemia

211
Q

give sugar and honey to a ___ pt

A

Hyperkalemia

212
Q

Clients who have ____ kidney function and are taking potassium-conserving diuretics should not receive potassium replacement or salt substitutes

A

impaired

213
Q

to increase K excretion, you want to give diuretics(furosmeide) and Na polystyrene sulfonate and Ca gluconate, and ____

A

albuterol

214
Q

this is low K levels

A

hypokalemia

215
Q

ppl at risk for hypokalemia are having ______ K output and not increased K input

A

increased

216
Q

diarrhea, aldosterone excess, and K wasting diuretics ____ K output

A

increases

217
Q

cortisol excess ___K output

A

increases

218
Q

ppl at high risk for hypokalemia are ______ and _____

A

chronically low K intake; rapid shifts of K from ECF into cells

219
Q

kidney and GI tract losses are the most common causes of

A

hypokalemia

220
Q

you find bilateral ascending flaccid muscle weakness and ab distension with

A

hypokalemia

221
Q

constipation and postural hypotension are findings of

A

hypokalemia

222
Q

polyuria and cardiac dysrhythmias are findings of

A

hypokalemia

223
Q

the level is below 3.5

A

hypokalemia

224
Q

shallow respirations are findings of

A

hypokalemia

225
Q

treat this by giving K Cl supplements and increasing dietary K

A

hypokalemia

226
Q

the EG for hypokalemia will have: inverted/flat T waves, ST depression, and ___ U wave

A

elevated

227
Q

this is bc of no K in the blood and it moving all to the cells

A

hypokalemia

228
Q

you see decreased BP, thready weak pulse and orthostatic hypotension with

A

hypokalemia

229
Q

there is an altered mental status and anxiety with

A

hypokalemia

230
Q

there is lethargy that turns into acute confusion and coma with

A

hypokalemia

231
Q

there is an prolonged PR interval with

A

hypokalemia

232
Q

there is hyperactive bowel sounds and nausea with

A

hypokalemia

233
Q

there is vomiting and constipation with

A

hypokalemia

234
Q

there is ab distention and paralytic ileus with

A

hypokalemia

235
Q

there is weakness, and DTR are reduced with

A

hypokalemia

236
Q

you see bradycardia and blocks with

A

hypokalemia

237
Q

you see ventricular tachycardia and anorexia with

A

hypokalemia

238
Q

avoid use of diuretics and laxatives in excess with

A

hypokalemia

239
Q

administer ___ replacement and don’t give K+ IM or SC

A

K

240
Q

mon and maintain adequate urine output and observe breathe with

A

hypokalemia

241
Q

mon cardiac rhythm and mon digoxin pts (increased toxicity) with

A

hypokalemia

242
Q

mon LOC and maintain safety with

A

hypokalemia

243
Q

mon bowel sounds and ab distension and O2(GT95%) with

A

hypokalemia

244
Q

assess hand grasps for weakness and DTR and implement fall precautions with

A

hypokalemia

245
Q

encourage broccolli and avocados with

A

hypokalemia

246
Q

give dairy and dried fruit with

A

hypokalemia

247
Q

give canteloupe and bananas with

A

hypokalemia

248
Q

give juices, melons and lean meats for

A

hypokalemia

249
Q

give milk, whole grains, and citrus for

A

hypokalemia

250
Q

give salt substitutes and K meds for

A

hypokalemia

251
Q

never give an IV __ with ____

A

bolus; hypokalemia

252
Q

assess for phlebitis when on IV ___

A

K

253
Q

the rate of K is never more than 10 Meq/hour with no more than 1 MeQ of K per ___ mL of solution

A

10

254
Q

contact _____ for electrolyte and fluid management

A

nephrology

255
Q

contact ____ for O2 management

A

respiratory services

256
Q

contact ____ for dysrhythmias

A

cardiology

257
Q

_____ ___ can be contacted for food choices

A

nutritional services

258
Q

potatoes and spinach are high in ___

A

K