✅3.2.3.1 - Urbanisation Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
An increase in the proportion of a country’s population living in an urban area
What is suburbanisation?
The decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area
What is counter-urbanisation?
Population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas
What is urban resurgence?
Population movement away from rural areas and back to urban ones
What is urban growth?
Increase in the total population of a town or city
What is urban expansion?
Increase in physical size/footprint of a town or city
Why are urban areas important?
Organisation of economic production
Exchange of ideas/creative thinking
Social and cultural centres
Centres of political power and decision making
What is urbanism?
The idea that there is a certain way of living and functioning in urban areas, a lifestyle
Where is most urbanisation taking place?
Asia and Africa
Why can data on urbanisation be unreliable?
All countries define it differently
What is a megacity?
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million
What is a metacity?
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 20 million
How much of the world’s population lived in urban areas in 2014?
54%
What are world cities?
Cities seen to have an impact and important role in the global economic system and that link with other cities
What are the features of world cities?
Highly interconnected, usually MEDCs due to stable financial influence
What is an Alpha ++ city?
Cities most integrated within the economy
What is an Alpha + city?
Advanced service niches for the global economy
What is a Beta city?
Cities that link moderate economic regions into the world economy.
What is urban growth caused by?
Population growth and rural to urban migration
What are the consequences of urban growth?
Urban sprawl More infrastructure required Loss of wildlife and habitat Commuting, congestion and pollution Increased fuel consumption
What are push factors for rural to urban migration?
Agricultural problems such as low rainfall, divisions of land
High levels of local disease and inadequate medical provisions
Wars and civil strife
Natural disasters
What are pull factors for rural to urban migration?
Employment in factories and service industry, better paid than in rural areas
High demand for unskilled labour
Informal sector jobs, goods and transport etc
Better quality provisions such as education, healthcare
What is deindustrialisation?
The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, movement out of the city
What are factors affecting deindustrialisation?
Mechanisation - no longer need people
Competition from imports - cheap products from China
Reduced demand for traditional products such as steel
What are the characteristics of suburbanisation?
Arterial roads and railway lines
Ribbon developments
Private housing estates
What are the causes of suburbanisation?
Outward growth of urban developments which engulfs surrounding areas
Improved transport, commuting
Inner cities become less desirable
What are the effects of suburbanisation?
More car use, better public transport
Greenbelts created to control developments
Urban sprawl, less environment
Funding moved out of inner city
What are the characteristics of Counter-urbanisation?
Movement of people from major urban areas to smaller, rural settlements
What are the causes of counter urbanisation?
Cheaper rural house prices, want to escape bust, polluted crime hotspots. Increased car ownership
What are the effects of counter urbanisation?
Modern housing estates built in rural areas and old properties refurbished
Tension due to developments
Services shut down such as schools, pubs, post offices etc
Increased local house prices
What are the characteristics of urban resurgence?
Economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which had previously suffered decline
What are the causes of urban resurgence?
De-industrialisation caused decline
Large events such as Olympics and sports events
What are the effects of urban resurgence?
Historic buildings from industry converted into housing
Urban redevelopment schemes
City living becomes more attractive
Pressure n services and infrastructure
What are the causes of growth of the service economy?
Population growth, people searching for jobs
Financial services needed to support manufacturing industry
As we become technologically sophisticated, more people are required to service technologies
What are issues with growth of the service sector?
Many of the men who lost jobs to deindustrialisation continue to be unemployed
Many service jobs created are only pert time or temporary
The number of service jobs created has not always made up for the loss of jobs through manufacturing
Where did deindustrialisation and decentralisation affect the UK in the 1970s?
Sheffield, Yorkshire
Where is St Ives?
Cambridgeshire
What happened in St Ives?
Counter-urbanisation
How much did the population of St Ives grow between the 1960s and 2010s?
From 3800 to 16,400
How much of the population of St Ives commute to London every day?
1/4
How much have house prices grown by since 2000 in St Ives?
From £130,000 to £291,000
How is St Ives managed?
Future developments controlled so that they fit in
Plans to expand primary schools
Flood protection along river
Busway built between St Ives and Cambridge to reduce congestion
