3.2.2 and 3.2.3 - Causes, consequences and management of international economic migration Flashcards
Primary commodity prices
Opportunity for trade and generates an income for economic development.
Causes positive feedback loops from only agricultural produce, insufficient money, leading to poverty and brain drain from out migration.
Reason 1 = Overproduction
Reason 2 = Poor governance
Exceptions: resource curse theory.
Poor access to markets within global systems - What do trade blocs cause? What does the EU trade bloc cause? What does the World Trade Organisation aim to reduce?
Trade blocs can be a cause of poverty in some developing countries.
EU = protection of farmers via import tariffs but harder for non-EU countries to get a good price.
World Trade Organization aim to reduce unfair trade barriers and government subsidies globally.
CASE STUDY: Lemons in South Africa
- Citrus black spots which cannot be exported into Europe.
- Increased production cost and decrease in revenue as only limited amount now go to Europe.
- 5 sprays on a lemon = 25,000 rands per hectare - 25,000 = cost of total production 2 years ago.
- 150 orchards voluntarily withdrew to find alternative market.
Schengen Agreement: Eastern European migration to the UK (Poland)
Source (Poland)
+ Remittances = 25% of earnings sent back home.
- Loss of workforce = 7% in Poland, can cause brain drain and social/age imbalance.
Host (UK)
+ Skills gaps filled = can cause an economic turnaround.
- Social/cultural tensions = crime, population growth, pressure on services e.g. education and health.
USA Quotas
Limits number of immigrants that can enter each year.
CANADA and AUSTRALIA - Points based system
Based on attributes and contribution to society.
Language, work experience.
EU - Freedom of movement
Schengen agreement
TAIWAN - Brain circulation
Eases rule sfor highly skilled workers in order to entice them back.
Asian silicone valley.
Employment gold cards
Residency period to also include families for incentive.
