3.2.1 - Globalisation, migration and a shrinking world Flashcards
What is globalisation?
The process by which people, their cultures, money, goods and information can be transferred between countries with few or no barriers.
What are the six driving forces of globalisation?
Trade and markets
IT
Transport
TNCs
Culture
International organisations
Two advantages and disadvantage of economic globalisation
+ Free movement of labour can fix gaps in labour markets
+ Steady cash flow decreasing inequalities
- Labour/ brain drain causing skilled workers to move to wealthier economies
- Specialisation can cause vulnerability to changing market prices
Two advantages and disadvantage of social/ cultural globalisation
+ Greater choice of goods from fair trade
+ Technology helps share information helping progress
- Communicable diseases spreading and social degeneration
- Outsourcing on poorer nations
- Language differences eroded
Two advantages and disadvantage of political globalisation
+ Forces politics to merge decisions to benefit more people
+ Networks give oppressed people voice e.g. Arab Spring and social media
- Feel losing control over decisions and sovereignty e.g. UK not Euro
- Major agents e.g. IMF and World Bank in wealthier nations
Two advantages and disadvantage of environmental globalisation
+ By sharing finance and governments, help problems together e.g. Montreal Protocol 1987 on ozone depletion
- Increasing number of air miles for food and declining air quality e.g. China where much is manufactured
Where do international migrants live?
Half of all international migrants live in just 10 countries. The largest number (46 million) reside in the United States.
Mediterranean - Libya to Italy
Why? and How many? Why is the number significant in history?
Fall of Libyan dictator in 2011, saw a sudden spike, and Libya’s descent into chaos since 2012 has had a dramatic effect. In 2014, more than 170,000 migrants arrived in Italy, the largest influx into one country in EU history.
Syria - What is the number of refugees in neighbouring countries? The number of forcibly displaced is higher than its been since what time?
Syria’s civil war has uprooted half the country’s pre-war population. More than four million Syrians are refugees in neighbouring countries. Syria is the main country of origin of asylum seekers in the industrialised world. Number of forcibly displaced people in the world is now higher than it’s been at any time since World War Two.
Migration to Europe - What country is the biggest driver and why? Which country receives the highest number of new asylum applications? How many migrants arrive to the UK by sea and land? Which country has the highest proportion of new applications to its population? What is the EU average?
Conflict in Syria is the biggest driver of migration.
Germany receives the highest number of new asylum applications with more than 476,000.
1,011,700 migrants arrive in Europe by sea and 34,900 by land.
Hungary has the highest proportion of asylum applications to its population - 1,800 refugees per 100,00 locals.
The EU average is 260.
Rural-urban migration within China - Percentage change? What has it helped attract? What has this helped them benefit from?
From 20% of the population living in cities in 1978, now it is 55%.
400 million rural people relocated attracting FDI.
Free movement authorised by the Chinese government allowed China to benefit from globalisation.
Schengen Agreement (EU) - What year was it implemented? What does it allow? What is a fear?
Implemented in 1985 with 26 member states. Most national border controls within the EU were removed enabling easier movement of people and goods. Means EU labour can move where there is most demand.
Fears of terrorism and uncontrolled refugee movements have led to questions on the wisdom of free movement.
Shrinking world - Communication
Number of internet users and the speed on internet has increased.
40% of world population internet users live in the G8 countries.
76% mobile broadband increase in Africa (2020).
Media representation can influence people’s decision to migrate.
Shrinking world - Transport
Increased personal mobility.
Changes of goods and services.
Shipping largely pollutes.
Containerisation.
Free ports makes goods cheaper from certain places.
Terminal costs and haulage costs.
Using air for perishable items is useful and more economically beneficial.
Shipping good for larger low value items.
Pipelines to transport water, oil and natural gas.
Cheaper flights making air travel more commonly used and available.
Railways are important in linking rural to urban e.g. China and migrant workers travelling along China-Tibet train enabling to survive the Tibetan plateau where temperatures drop to -35’C.
