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3.2 Cells (A Level Biology) > 3.2.1.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses > Flashcards

3.2.1.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

5 key features of prokaryotic cells

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Circular loop of DNA (nucleoid)

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2
Q

3 extra things that lots of prokaryotic cells have but don’t always have

A

One or more flagella (a single flagella is called a flagellum)
One or more plasmids
Slime capsule surrounding the cell

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3
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria are called…

A

Bacteriophages

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4
Q

Process of virus replication

A

1) Attachment proteins on the virus bind to receptors on the host cell and inject genetic material (nucleic acid)
2) The injected genetic material is used as code to synthesise more nucleic acids and proteins
3) Inside the cytoplasm of the host cell new virus particles are assembled
4) The viruses all burst out of the host cell and destroy it

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5
Q

3 common features of all viruses

A

Attachment proteins
Capsid
DNA/ RNA

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6
Q

Which is bigger out of bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria
(Think b for bacteria and b for bigger)

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7
Q

True or false, viruses can reproduce independently

A

False
They can only reproduce inside a host cell

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8
Q

True or false, viruses can reproduce independently

A

False
They can only reproduce inside a host cell

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9
Q

The first stage of virus replication is that the … on the virus bind to…on the surface of the host cell

A

Attachment proteins
Receptors

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10
Q

Once the attachment proteins on the virus have binded to the receptors on the surface of the host cell, … is injected into the host cell

A

Genetic material (DNA/ RNA)

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11
Q

Once viruses have injected genetic material into the host cell the genetic material is used as…to synthesise more…and…

A

Code
Nucleic acids
Proteins

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12
Q

As part of virus replication inside the host cell once the injected genetic material has been used to synthesise more nucleic acids and proteins, new…particles are assembled

A

Virus

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13
Q

Once new virus particles have been assembled in the cytoplasm of the host cell all the viruses…

A

Burst out of the host cell and destroy it

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14
Q

Acellular meaning

A

Organisms containing no cells

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15
Q

Cellular meaning

A

Organisms containing/ made up of cells

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16
Q

Viruses are…which means that they don’t contain any cells

A

Acellular

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17
Q

Viruses are acellular which means that they don’t contain any…

A

Cells
(Cellular means organisms consisting of living cells and the prefix ‘a’ means not)

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18
Q

True or false, viruses are living

A

False
They are non living (as they are acellular so don’t contain any cells)

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19
Q

True or false, viruses are living

A

False
They are non living (as they are acellular so don’t contain any cells)

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20
Q

Viruses have a protein coat called a…

A

Capsid

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21
Q

The host cell that has been injected with nucleic acid from the virus uses its own …system to replicate the virus

A

Endomembrane

22
Q

In prokaryotic cells DNA is found…in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid

A

Freely

23
Q

In prokaryotic cells DNA is found…in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid

A

Freely

24
Q

In prokaryotic cells DNA is described as…as it doesn’t bind with histone proteins to form chromatin

A

Naked

25
Q

In prokaryotic cells chromosomes are..in shape

A

Circular

26
Q

In prokaryotic cells chromosomes are..in shape

A

Circular

27
Q

True or false, prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles

A

False
(Only eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles e.g nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts etc)

28
Q

What size ribosomes do prokaryotic cells contain

A

70s
(Smaller than in eukaryotic cells which have 80s ribosomes)

29
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made from…

A

Murein

30
Q

True or false, ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles

A

False
(Prokaryotic cells don’t contain any membrane-bound organelles but they do contain ribosomes)

31
Q

3 key locations of where 70s ribosomes are found

A

Prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

(Although prokaryotic cells don’t contain mitochondria or chloroplasts)

32
Q

The 70s ribosomes are made up of 2 sub-units containing what 2 key things

A

rRNA
Protein

33
Q

If a bacterial cell contains antibiotic resistant genes, you would find them in the…of the cell

A

Plasmid

34
Q

If a bacterial cell contains antibiotic resistant genes, you would find them in the…of the cell

A

Plasmid

35
Q

Prokaryotes are described as…because they are single-celled organisms

A

Unicellular

36
Q

Prokaryotes are described as unicellular because they are…organisms

A

Single celled

37
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall is made up of a glycoprotein called…

A

Murein

38
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall is made up of Murein which is a …

A

Glycoprotein

39
Q

The flagellum…to allow the prokaryotic cell to move

A

Rotates

40
Q

Prokaryotic cells replicate through a process called…

A

Binary fission

41
Q

2 stages of binary fission

A

Circular DNA and plasmids are replicated
The cytoplasm divides to produce 2 daughter cells

42
Q

After binary fission, each daughter cell can have a …number of plasmids (but only one copy of circular DNA)

A

Variable

43
Q

Cells that are formed after cell division (e.g after binary fission) are called…cells

A

Daughter

44
Q

Bacterial cells multiply…
(The bacteria population rapidly grows)

A

Exponentially

45
Q

Viruses have a protein coat called a…with attachment proteins sticking out of it

A

Capsid

46
Q

High are bigger out of viruses and bacteria

A

Bacteria
(Think B for bacteria and B for bigger)

47
Q

In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are linear in shape but in prokaryotic cells, chromosomes are …in shape

A

Circular

48
Q

In prokaryotic cells, DNA is naked but in eukaryotic cells DNA is bound to…

A

Histone proteins
(This DNA- histone protein complex is called chromatin)

49
Q

In prokaryotic cells DNA is found freely in the…in a region called the…but in eukaryotic cells DNA is contained within the…

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Nucleus

50
Q

4 differences between DNA in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

-In prokaryotic cells DNA is found freely in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid but in eukaryotic cells it’s contained within the nucleus
-In prokaryotic cells DNA is naked (not bound to histone proteins so doesn’t form chromatin) but in eukaryotic cells the DNA is bound to histone proteins to form chromatin
-Prokaryotic cells can contain one or more plasmid but eukaryotic cells don’t contain any plasmids
-In prokaryotic cells chromosomes are circular in shape but in eukaryotic cells chromosomes are linear in shape

3.2 Cells (A Level Biology) (5 decks)

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