3.2.1.1 Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
The endomembrane system is made of…
Nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell-surface membrane
What is the endomembrane system
A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins
The cell surface membrane is also called the…membrane
Plasma
List all features of eukaryotic cells (there are 3 that are only found in plant cells and not animal cells)
Cell-surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts (plants and algae only)
Vacuole (plants only)
Cell wall (plants, algae and fungi only)
True or false, the cell surface membrane (and membranes of organelles) is partially permeable
True
The cell surface membrane is made up of a phospholipid…
Bilayer
The function of the cell surface membrane is to…
Control and regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell
The cell surface membrane has…to allow it to respond to chemicals like…
Receptor molecules
Hormones
In plants and algae the cell wall is made of…
Cellulose
In fungi the cell wall is made of…
Chitin
In fungi the cell wall is made of…
Chitin
Which 3 types of eukaryotic cell have cell walls (as prokaryotic cells also have cell walls)
Plants
Algae
Fungi
The cell wall is rigid and provides…support to the cell (plants, algae and fungi)
Structural
The cell wall prevents the cell from changing…as the polysaccharide (cellulose in plants and algae and chitin in fungi) provides structural support
Shape
Cell sap is a weak solution of…and…
Sugar
Salt
Cell sap is a weak solution of…and…
Sugar
Salt
Cell sap is a …solution if sugar and salt
Weak
The vacuole is surrounded by a partially permeable membrane called the…
Tonoplast
A…organelle means that the organelle is surrounded by a membrane
Membrane-bound
The vacuole helps keep the cell…to prevent the plant from wilting
Turgid
The vacuole isolates…from the rest of the cell
Harmful chemicals
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the …
Nuclear envelope
Which 3 organelles contain a double membrane (are double membrane bound organelles)
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Within the nuclear envelope (the double membrane of the nucleus) there are spaces called…
Nuclear pores
The nucleolus in the nucleus is responsible for…
Assembling ribosomes
Chromatin is found in the nucleus and consists of …coiled around proteins called…
DNA
Histones
(Together the DNA and histone proteins form chromosomes)
Mitochondria produce…through aerobic respiration
ATP
Name for inner space in mitochondria that’s surrounded by an inner membrane
Matrix
The…is the inner space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and contains enzymes involved in respiration
Matrix
The…is the inner space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and contains enzymes involved in respiration
Matrix
Where in the mitochondria does aerobic respiration take place
The matrix
(The inner space inside the inner membrane)
The folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria are called…
Cristae (when referring to all of them but the singular term is a crista)
What are cristae
The folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria
Which organelle has a matrix
The mitochondria
(It’s the inner space within the folded inner membrane where aerobic respiration takes place)
Which organelle has cristae
Mitochondria
(It refers to the folds of the inner membrane and an individual fold is called a crista)
The singular term for a mitochondria is a…
Mitochondrion
The Golgi apparatus is also known as the Golgi…
Complex/ body
Where in the cell does translation take place
On the ribosomes
Ribosomes consist of…subunits (how many)
2
(The larger subunit is on top and the smaller subunit is on the bottom)
Ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits. Is the larger subunit on the top or bottom
Top
(The smaller subunit is on the bottom)
The ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum is where translation takes place for proteins that are…, proteins for the…and proteins for…
Secreted from the cell
Cell membrane
Lysosomes
The chloroplast has membranes inside it called t…membranes
Thylakoid
In the chloroplast thylakoid membranes are stacked up to form …
Grana
(The plural for referring to all the grana is granum)
In the chloroplast the grana are made form stacked up…membranes
Thylakoid
In the chloroplast grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes) are linked together by…..(thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)
Lamella (the plural is lamellae)
In the chloroplast grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes) are linked together by…..(thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)
Lamella (the plural is lamellae)
The part of the chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll is the…
Thylakoid membranes (which are stacked up into grana and join grana together (these thin, flat pieces of thylakoid that link grana together are called lamella)
Thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane that link together the grana in the chloroplast are called…
Lamella
In the chloroplast there are 2 structures that are made of of thylakoid membrane (and therefore contain chlorophyll).
These are the…and…
Grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes)
Lamella (thin, flattened pieces of thylakoid membrane that link the grana together)
Ribosomes are the site of…synthesis
Protein
The 2 organelles that contain ribosomes are…and…(the rough endoplasmic reticulum also has ribosomes covering its surface)
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts contain …s ribosomes
70
The cytoplasm contains …s ribosomes
80
The cytoplasm contains …s ribosomes
80
Lysosmomes contain…enzymes
Hydrolytic
In a cell the hydrolytic enzymes are found in the…
Lysosomes
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes which break down…molecules
Biological molecules
(E.g proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)
True or false, biomolecules and biological molecules are the same thing
True
(E.g carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids)
Lysosomes break down organelles that are…./ no longer…
Damaged
Functional
Lysosomes break down organelles that are…./ no longer…
Damaged
Functional
….break down worn out organelles e.g that are damaged
Lysosomes (specifically the hydrolytic enzymes)
Lysosomes…invading cells
Digest
2 key functions of lysosomes
Digest invading cells
Break down worn out/ damaged organelles
The 2 functions of…are to digest invading cells and break down worn out/ damaged organelles
Lysosomes
The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to .. and…proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Fold
Process
The function of the…endoplasmic reticulum is to fold and process proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Rough
Once the rough endoplasmic reticulum has folded and processed proteins made at the ribosomes, the proteins are carried by a vesicle to the …where they are modified further
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus…proteins after they have been folded and processed at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (the vesicles transport the folded and processed proteins from the rear to the Golgi apparatus)
Modifies
The Golgi apparatus …proteins (after they have been folded and processed at the rough endoplasmic reticulum). It also packages proteins into…before they then leave the Golgi apparatus
Modifies
Vesicles
A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached is called a …
Glycoproteins
A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached is called a …
Glycoprotein
A sphere of phospholipids bilayer is called a…and has fluid inside
Vesicle
2 organelles that have a similar structure to a prokaryotic (bacterial) cell
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
In eukaryotic cells the DNA is bound to proteins called …
Histones
In eukaryotic cells DNA is contained within a …(which organelle)
Nucleus
In eukaryotic cells chromosomes are…in shape
Linear
The endomembrane system is a group of…and…that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins
Organelles
Membranes
The endomembrane system is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to…, …. and…..lipids and proteins
Modify
Package
Transport
The endomembrane system is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to modify, package and transport… and…
Lipids
Proteins
The matrix in the mitochondria contains enzymes involved in…
Respiration
Ribosomes are made of 2 subunits containing what 2 key things
Protein
RNA
True or false, all types of algae are multicellular
False
Algae can be either multicellular (made or more than 1 cell) or unicellular (single-celled)
All types of algae contain eukaryotic cell(s)
True or false, all types of fungi are multicellular (contain more than 1 cell)
False
They can be either multicellular or unicellular (single-celled)
Out of plant cells, algal cells and fungal cells which contain chloroplasts
Plant cells and algal cells (as they carry out photosynthesis)
Fungal cells don’t contain chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesise but they still have a cell wall and vacuole
5 key features of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope (double membrane surrounding nucleus)
Nuclear pores (spaces in nuclear envelope)
Nucleolus (smaller sphere inside nucleus which produces rRNA and ribosomes)
Chromosomes (protein-bound and make of linear DNA)
Nucleoplasm (fluid-like substance in which the chromatin and nucleolus are suspended)
In the nucleus, the fluid-like substance in which the nucleolus and chromatin are suspended is called the…
Nucleoplasm
The nucleoplasm is the fluid-like substance in the nucleus in which…and…are suspended
Chromatin
Nucleolus
The nucleoplasm is the fluid-like substance in the nucleus in which…and…are suspended
Chromatin
Nucleolus
The smaller sphere inside the nucleus is called the…
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a …shape inside the nucleus
Sphere
(It’s the site of rRNA and ribosome production)
The nucleolus is a sphere shape inside the nucleus and is the site of… and…production
rRNA
Ribosomes
Where in the cell does transcription take place
Nucleus
Where in the cell does transcription take place
Nucleus
Transcription (first stage of protein synthesis) takes place in the…and translation (2nd stage of protein synthesis) takes place on the…
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Which stage of protein synthesis comes first out of transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (on the ribosomes)
Transcription, then translation
Which stage of protein synthesis comes first out of transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (on the ribosomes)
Transcription, then translation
During transcription in the nucleus, … is made using a copy of one gene on DNA.
mRNA
Once mRNA has been made in transcription in the nucleus, it carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the…where it’s used to make a protein during translation
Ribosomes
…carries genetic code from the nucleus (after transcription has taken place) to the ribosomes so that translation can take place
mRNA
What 3 things are made in the nucleus
Ribosomes (they’re made in the nucleolus)
rRNA (is made in the nucleolus and is then used along with proteins to form the ribosomes in the nucleus)
mRNA (is made during transcription where a copy of one gene on the DNA is made (mRNA is this copy))
The…is the site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA) but is also responsible for making rRNA and ribosomes in the nucleolus
Nucleus
The…is the site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA) but is also responsible for making rRNA and ribosomes in the nucleolus. It’s also important as it contains the cell’s genetic information
Nucleus
Once proteins have been made on the ribosomes via protein synthesis, the …then folds and processes them before sending them to the…
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Small fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm that are surrounded by a membrane are called…
Vesicles
E.g Golgi vesicles which are produced by the Golgi apparatus
The… is a group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs
Golgi apparatus
True or false, all the organelles except for ribosomes are membrane-bound
True
Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum vs Golgi apparatus
Both are fluid-filled
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
The Golgi apparatus is a group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs
Golgi vesicles are small …-filled sacs
Fluid
Golgi vesicles are small fluid-filled…
Sacs
The Golgi apparatus is a group of fluid-filled,membrane-bound …..
Flattened sacs
The …endoplasmic reticulum is to do with carbohydrates and lipids but the…endoplasmic is to do with proteins (because it has ribosomes attached)
Smooth (it synthesises lipids which are then processed and packaged at the Golgi apparatus) (It synthesises carbohydrates which are then modified in the Golgi apparatus)
Rough (it folds and processes the proteins that have been made at the ribosomes which are then processed and packaged at the Golgi apparatus)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises…and…
Lipids
Carbohydrates
The…synthesises lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(The lipids are then processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus)
(The carbohydrates are then modified at the Golgi apparatus)
At the Golgi apparatus once carbohydrates and lipids have been made at the SER and proteins have been folded and processed at the RER, the lipids and proteins are then … and…in the Golgi apparatus and the carbohydrates are …
Processed
Packaged
Modified
In the Golgi apparatus …are modified
Carbohydrates
In the Golgi apparatus … and….are processed and packaged
Proteins
Lipids
Which comes first in the process of synthesising then processing/ packaging lipids. The Golgi apparatus or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (synthesises lipids)
Then Golgi apparatus (processes and packages the lipids)
Which comes first, the Golgi apparatus processing and packaging the proteins or the RER folding and processing the proteins
RER- folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes
Then Golgi apparatus- processes and packages the proteins
As well as processing and packaging lipids and proteins, the Golgi apparatus makes…
Lysosomes
The …makes lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
…are round organelles that are membrane-bound and have no clear internal structure
Lysosomes
True or false, lysosomes have a clear internal structure
False
True or false, lysosomes have a clear internal structure
False
What happens to the lipids and proteins once they have been processed and packaged by the Golgi apparatus
They are stored in the Golgi vesicles and then transported to their target destination
In terms of lysosomes, exocytosis is where … are released to outside of the cell to destroy material
Enzymes
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the…
Cytoplasm
(Not the mitochondria where aerobic respiration takes place)
True or false, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both occur in the mitochondria
False
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria but anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm
True or false, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both occur in the mitochondria
False
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria but anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm
True or false, chromosomes are made up of chromatin
True
Does chromatin form chromosomes or do chromosomes form chromatin
Chromatin forms chromosomes as chromatin is the DNA- histone protein complex
Vesicles leave the cell in a process called
Exocytosis
…is when organisms become multicellular, some cells specialise to do one job and some cells specialise to do another job
Division of labour
…is when organisms become multicellular, some cells specialise to do one job and some cells specialise to do another job
Division of labour
Within one tissue, how many different types of specialised cell are there working together
1
A tissue is a…
Group of specialised cells working together to carry out a specific function
How many types of specialised cell are there in an organ
More than 1
(Unlike in a tissue which contains only 1 type of specialised cell)
Stem cells from the bone marrow can only become what 3 types of cell
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)
Stem cells from the bone marrow can only become what 3 types of cell
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)
