Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3.2 Cells (A Level Biology) > 3.2.1.1 Structure of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

The endomembrane system is made of…

A

Nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell-surface membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The cell surface membrane is also called the…membrane

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List all features of eukaryotic cells (there are 3 that are only found in plant cells and not animal cells)

A

Cell-surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Golgi vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts (plants and algae only)
Vacuole (plants only)
Cell wall (plants, algae and fungi only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false, the cell surface membrane (and membranes of organelles) is partially permeable

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The cell surface membrane is made up of a phospholipid…

A

Bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The function of the cell surface membrane is to…

A

Control and regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The cell surface membrane has…to allow it to respond to chemicals like…

A

Receptor molecules
Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In plants and algae the cell wall is made of…

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In fungi the cell wall is made of…

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In fungi the cell wall is made of…

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which 3 types of eukaryotic cell have cell walls (as prokaryotic cells also have cell walls)

A

Plants
Algae
Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The cell wall is rigid and provides…support to the cell (plants, algae and fungi)

A

Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cell wall prevents the cell from changing…as the polysaccharide (cellulose in plants and algae and chitin in fungi) provides structural support

A

Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cell sap is a weak solution of…and…

A

Sugar
Salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell sap is a weak solution of…and…

A

Sugar
Salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cell sap is a …solution if sugar and salt

A

Weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The vacuole is surrounded by a partially permeable membrane called the…

A

Tonoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A…organelle means that the organelle is surrounded by a membrane

A

Membrane-bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The vacuole helps keep the cell…to prevent the plant from wilting

A

Turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The vacuole isolates…from the rest of the cell

A

Harmful chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the …

A

Nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which 3 organelles contain a double membrane (are double membrane bound organelles)

A

Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Within the nuclear envelope (the double membrane of the nucleus) there are spaces called…

A

Nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The nucleolus in the nucleus is responsible for…

A

Assembling ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chromatin is found in the nucleus and consists of …coiled around proteins called…

A

DNA
Histones

(Together the DNA and histone proteins form chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mitochondria produce…through aerobic respiration

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name for inner space in mitochondria that’s surrounded by an inner membrane

A

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The…is the inner space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and contains enzymes involved in respiration

A

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The…is the inner space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria and contains enzymes involved in respiration

A

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where in the mitochondria does aerobic respiration take place

A

The matrix
(The inner space inside the inner membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria are called…

A

Cristae (when referring to all of them but the singular term is a crista)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are cristae

A

The folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which organelle has a matrix

A

The mitochondria
(It’s the inner space within the folded inner membrane where aerobic respiration takes place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which organelle has cristae

A

Mitochondria
(It refers to the folds of the inner membrane and an individual fold is called a crista)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The singular term for a mitochondria is a…

A

Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The Golgi apparatus is also known as the Golgi…

A

Complex/ body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where in the cell does translation take place

A

On the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ribosomes consist of…subunits (how many)

A

2
(The larger subunit is on top and the smaller subunit is on the bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits. Is the larger subunit on the top or bottom

A

Top
(The smaller subunit is on the bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum is where translation takes place for proteins that are…, proteins for the…and proteins for…

A

Secreted from the cell
Cell membrane
Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The chloroplast has membranes inside it called t…membranes

A

Thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In the chloroplast thylakoid membranes are stacked up to form …

A

Grana
(The plural for referring to all the grana is granum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In the chloroplast the grana are made form stacked up…membranes

A

Thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In the chloroplast grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes) are linked together by…..(thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)

A

Lamella (the plural is lamellae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In the chloroplast grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes) are linked together by…..(thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)

A

Lamella (the plural is lamellae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The part of the chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll is the…

A

Thylakoid membranes (which are stacked up into grana and join grana together (these thin, flat pieces of thylakoid that link grana together are called lamella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane that link together the grana in the chloroplast are called…

A

Lamella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In the chloroplast there are 2 structures that are made of of thylakoid membrane (and therefore contain chlorophyll).
These are the…and…

A

Grana (stacked up thylakoid membranes)
Lamella (thin, flattened pieces of thylakoid membrane that link the grana together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Ribosomes are the site of…synthesis

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The 2 organelles that contain ribosomes are…and…(the rough endoplasmic reticulum also has ribosomes covering its surface)

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts contain …s ribosomes

A

70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The cytoplasm contains …s ribosomes

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The cytoplasm contains …s ribosomes

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Lysosmomes contain…enzymes

A

Hydrolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

In a cell the hydrolytic enzymes are found in the…

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes which break down…molecules

A

Biological molecules
(E.g proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)

58
Q

True or false, biomolecules and biological molecules are the same thing

A

True
(E.g carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids)

59
Q

Lysosomes break down organelles that are…./ no longer…

A

Damaged
Functional

60
Q

Lysosomes break down organelles that are…./ no longer…

A

Damaged
Functional

61
Q

….break down worn out organelles e.g that are damaged

A

Lysosomes (specifically the hydrolytic enzymes)

62
Q

Lysosomes…invading cells

A

Digest

63
Q

2 key functions of lysosomes

A

Digest invading cells
Break down worn out/ damaged organelles

64
Q

The 2 functions of…are to digest invading cells and break down worn out/ damaged organelles

A

Lysosomes

65
Q

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to .. and…proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

A

Fold
Process

66
Q

The function of the…endoplasmic reticulum is to fold and process proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

A

Rough

67
Q

Once the rough endoplasmic reticulum has folded and processed proteins made at the ribosomes, the proteins are carried by a vesicle to the …where they are modified further

A

Golgi apparatus

68
Q

The Golgi apparatus…proteins after they have been folded and processed at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (the vesicles transport the folded and processed proteins from the rear to the Golgi apparatus)

A

Modifies

69
Q

The Golgi apparatus …proteins (after they have been folded and processed at the rough endoplasmic reticulum). It also packages proteins into…before they then leave the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies
Vesicles

70
Q

A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached is called a …

A

Glycoproteins

71
Q

A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached is called a …

A

Glycoprotein

72
Q

A sphere of phospholipids bilayer is called a…and has fluid inside

A

Vesicle

73
Q

2 organelles that have a similar structure to a prokaryotic (bacterial) cell

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplast

74
Q

In eukaryotic cells the DNA is bound to proteins called …

A

Histones

75
Q

In eukaryotic cells DNA is contained within a …(which organelle)

A

Nucleus

76
Q

In eukaryotic cells chromosomes are…in shape

A

Linear

77
Q

The endomembrane system is a group of…and…that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins

A

Organelles
Membranes

78
Q

The endomembrane system is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to…, …. and…..lipids and proteins

A

Modify
Package
Transport

79
Q

The endomembrane system is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to modify, package and transport… and…

A

Lipids
Proteins

80
Q

The matrix in the mitochondria contains enzymes involved in…

A

Respiration

81
Q

Ribosomes are made of 2 subunits containing what 2 key things

A

Protein
RNA

82
Q

True or false, all types of algae are multicellular

A

False
Algae can be either multicellular (made or more than 1 cell) or unicellular (single-celled)
All types of algae contain eukaryotic cell(s)

83
Q

True or false, all types of fungi are multicellular (contain more than 1 cell)

A

False
They can be either multicellular or unicellular (single-celled)

84
Q

Out of plant cells, algal cells and fungal cells which contain chloroplasts

A

Plant cells and algal cells (as they carry out photosynthesis)
Fungal cells don’t contain chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesise but they still have a cell wall and vacuole

85
Q

5 key features of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope (double membrane surrounding nucleus)
Nuclear pores (spaces in nuclear envelope)
Nucleolus (smaller sphere inside nucleus which produces rRNA and ribosomes)
Chromosomes (protein-bound and make of linear DNA)
Nucleoplasm (fluid-like substance in which the chromatin and nucleolus are suspended)

86
Q

In the nucleus, the fluid-like substance in which the nucleolus and chromatin are suspended is called the…

A

Nucleoplasm

87
Q

The nucleoplasm is the fluid-like substance in the nucleus in which…and…are suspended

A

Chromatin
Nucleolus

88
Q

The nucleoplasm is the fluid-like substance in the nucleus in which…and…are suspended

A

Chromatin
Nucleolus

89
Q

The smaller sphere inside the nucleus is called the…

A

Nucleolus

90
Q

The nucleolus is a …shape inside the nucleus

A

Sphere
(It’s the site of rRNA and ribosome production)

91
Q

The nucleolus is a sphere shape inside the nucleus and is the site of… and…production

A

rRNA
Ribosomes

92
Q

Where in the cell does transcription take place

A

Nucleus

93
Q

Where in the cell does transcription take place

A

Nucleus

94
Q

Transcription (first stage of protein synthesis) takes place in the…and translation (2nd stage of protein synthesis) takes place on the…

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes

95
Q

Which stage of protein synthesis comes first out of transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (on the ribosomes)

A

Transcription, then translation

96
Q

Which stage of protein synthesis comes first out of transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (on the ribosomes)

A

Transcription, then translation

97
Q

During transcription in the nucleus, … is made using a copy of one gene on DNA.

A

mRNA

98
Q

Once mRNA has been made in transcription in the nucleus, it carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the…where it’s used to make a protein during translation

A

Ribosomes

99
Q

…carries genetic code from the nucleus (after transcription has taken place) to the ribosomes so that translation can take place

A

mRNA

100
Q

What 3 things are made in the nucleus

A

Ribosomes (they’re made in the nucleolus)
rRNA (is made in the nucleolus and is then used along with proteins to form the ribosomes in the nucleus)
mRNA (is made during transcription where a copy of one gene on the DNA is made (mRNA is this copy))

101
Q

The…is the site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA) but is also responsible for making rRNA and ribosomes in the nucleolus

A

Nucleus

102
Q

The…is the site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA) but is also responsible for making rRNA and ribosomes in the nucleolus. It’s also important as it contains the cell’s genetic information

A

Nucleus

103
Q

Once proteins have been made on the ribosomes via protein synthesis, the …then folds and processes them before sending them to the…

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

104
Q

Small fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm that are surrounded by a membrane are called…

A

Vesicles
E.g Golgi vesicles which are produced by the Golgi apparatus

105
Q

The… is a group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs

A

Golgi apparatus

106
Q

True or false, all the organelles except for ribosomes are membrane-bound

A

True

107
Q

Structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum vs Golgi apparatus

A

Both are fluid-filled
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
The Golgi apparatus is a group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs

108
Q

Golgi vesicles are small …-filled sacs

A

Fluid

109
Q

Golgi vesicles are small fluid-filled…

A

Sacs

110
Q

The Golgi apparatus is a group of fluid-filled,membrane-bound …..

A

Flattened sacs

111
Q

The …endoplasmic reticulum is to do with carbohydrates and lipids but the…endoplasmic is to do with proteins (because it has ribosomes attached)

A

Smooth (it synthesises lipids which are then processed and packaged at the Golgi apparatus) (It synthesises carbohydrates which are then modified in the Golgi apparatus)
Rough (it folds and processes the proteins that have been made at the ribosomes which are then processed and packaged at the Golgi apparatus)

112
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises…and…

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates

113
Q

The…synthesises lipids and carbohydrates

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(The lipids are then processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus)
(The carbohydrates are then modified at the Golgi apparatus)

114
Q

At the Golgi apparatus once carbohydrates and lipids have been made at the SER and proteins have been folded and processed at the RER, the lipids and proteins are then … and…in the Golgi apparatus and the carbohydrates are …

A

Processed
Packaged
Modified

115
Q

In the Golgi apparatus …are modified

A

Carbohydrates

116
Q

In the Golgi apparatus … and….are processed and packaged

A

Proteins
Lipids

117
Q

Which comes first in the process of synthesising then processing/ packaging lipids. The Golgi apparatus or the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (synthesises lipids)
Then Golgi apparatus (processes and packages the lipids)

118
Q

Which comes first, the Golgi apparatus processing and packaging the proteins or the RER folding and processing the proteins

A

RER- folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes
Then Golgi apparatus- processes and packages the proteins

119
Q

As well as processing and packaging lipids and proteins, the Golgi apparatus makes…

A

Lysosomes

120
Q

The …makes lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

121
Q

…are round organelles that are membrane-bound and have no clear internal structure

A

Lysosomes

122
Q

True or false, lysosomes have a clear internal structure

A

False

123
Q

True or false, lysosomes have a clear internal structure

A

False

124
Q

What happens to the lipids and proteins once they have been processed and packaged by the Golgi apparatus

A

They are stored in the Golgi vesicles and then transported to their target destination

125
Q

In terms of lysosomes, exocytosis is where … are released to outside of the cell to destroy material

A

Enzymes

126
Q

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the…

A

Cytoplasm
(Not the mitochondria where aerobic respiration takes place)

127
Q

True or false, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both occur in the mitochondria

A

False
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria but anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm

128
Q

True or false, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration both occur in the mitochondria

A

False
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria but anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm

129
Q

True or false, chromosomes are made up of chromatin

A

True

130
Q

Does chromatin form chromosomes or do chromosomes form chromatin

A

Chromatin forms chromosomes as chromatin is the DNA- histone protein complex

131
Q

Vesicles leave the cell in a process called

A

Exocytosis

132
Q

…is when organisms become multicellular, some cells specialise to do one job and some cells specialise to do another job

A

Division of labour

133
Q

…is when organisms become multicellular, some cells specialise to do one job and some cells specialise to do another job

A

Division of labour

134
Q

Within one tissue, how many different types of specialised cell are there working together

A

1

135
Q

A tissue is a…

A

Group of specialised cells working together to carry out a specific function

136
Q

How many types of specialised cell are there in an organ

A

More than 1
(Unlike in a tissue which contains only 1 type of specialised cell)

137
Q

Stem cells from the bone marrow can only become what 3 types of cell

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)

138
Q

Stem cells from the bone marrow can only become what 3 types of cell

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)

3.2 Cells (A Level Biology) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions