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a level biology > 3.2.1.1 eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

NUCLEUS - membrane bound and contains genetic information.
MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES - like mitochondria, chloroplasts, permanent vacuoles.

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2
Q

what are some key structures of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope.
  • nuclear pores.
  • chromatin.
  • nucleolus.
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3
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A
  • separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm by a double membrane.
  • controls the entry and exit of molecules protecting DNA from damage.
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4
Q

why are the nuclear pores important?

A

as they allow channels for mRNA and ribosomes to travel out of the nucleus as well as allowing enzymes in.

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5
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a material from which chromosomes are made.
- chromosomes are made from sections of linear DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

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6
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A
  • a dense region of DNA and protein.
  • site of ribosome synthesis.
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7
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration.

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8
Q

what’s special about mitochondria’s membrane?

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane, with an inner and outer membrane.
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae = large surface area for attaching proteins in the finial stages of aerobic respiration.
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9
Q

what is the fluid in mitochondria?

A
  • the matrix is the ‘mitochondrial fluid’.
  • formed by the cristae containing enzymes needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP.
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10
Q

how is mitochondria prepped for replication?

A
  • has circular pieces of DNA (mitochondrial DNA) and 70S ribosomes in the matrix.
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11
Q

what are the membrane bound, chlorophyll containing components in chloroplasts?

A
  • thylakoids, which stack to form structures called grana.
  • grant are joined together by lamella.
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12
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis.
- light-dependant stage takes place in the thylakoids.
- light-independent stage takes place in the stroma.

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13
Q

what is present in the chloroplast fluid stroma?

A

small circular pieces of DNA & 70S ribosomes used to synthesise proteins needed in chloroplast replication and photosynthesis.

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14
Q

what is the cell surface membrane made of?

A

phospholipids and proteins, which form the bilayer, and are constantly in motion.

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15
Q

what is the role of the cell surface membrane?

A

to control the exchange of materials between the internal cell environment and external cell environment.
= described as partially permeable.

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16
Q

how does the phospholipid bilayer work in the cell surface membrane?

A
  • contains embedded proteins and glycoproteins and transport proteins.
  • bilayer is hydrophobic = only small and non polar molecules can diffuse across it.
  • transport proteins select which molecules can cross the membrane and proteins/glycoproteins which can fuse with other membranes and control the attractions.
17
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • formed on the outside of the cell membrane and offers structural support to cell.
  • acts as a barrier to pathogens/ external factors, protecting cell from external risks.
18
Q

how can plant cell walls connect to other plant cells?

A

narrow threads of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) connects the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells = providing mechanical strength.

19
Q

how else can cell walls provide mechanical strength?

A
  • made of cross linked cellulose fibres embedded in a matrix.
  • provides mechanical strength to prevent cells from bursting due to osmotic pressure.
20
Q

what is the middle lamellae in cell walls made of?

A

pectin and login.

21
Q

what are the cell walls in plant cells made of?

A

cellulose

22
Q

what are the cell walls in fungi cells made of?

A

chitin

23
Q

what are the cell walls in algae made of?

A

cellulose and glycoproteins.

24
Q

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • modifies proteins and lipids before packing them into Golgi vesticles.
    = transports proteins and lipids to their required destination.
  • proteins are either exported, put into lysosomes or delivered to membrane bound organelles.
25
Q

what are Golgi vesticles?

A
  • membrane bound sacs for transport and storage.
  • transports large molecules of exocytosis or to add to different organelles.
  • secrete materials from cells.
26
Q

what type of enzymes does lysosomes contain?

A
  • hydrolytic enzymes.
  • enzymes that break biological molecules down.
27
Q

whats the function of lysosomes?

A
  • breaks down waste material such as worn out organelles
  • used extensively by cells of the immune system and in apoptosis (programmed cell death).
  • digests pathogens and large molecules ingested into cell.
28
Q

what are ribosome formed from?

A

equal parts rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein.

29
Q

where can ribosomes be found?

A

found freely in the cytoplasm or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

30
Q

what type of ribosome can be found in eukaryotic cells verses in prokaryotic, mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

eukaryotic = 80S ribosomes.
prokaryotic, mitochondria and chloroplasts = 70S ribosomes.

31
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of translation = protein synthesis.

32
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

33
Q

what are some structural differences between SER and RER?

A

RER = surface covered in ribosome, creating a large surface area.
SER = doesn’t have ribosomes and large interlinked network of tubules of membranes.
BOTH = formed from continuous fold of membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope.

34
Q

what is the function of RER?

A
  • processes proteins made by ribosomes.
  • synthesis of proteins for transport in vesicles.
  • synthesis of proteins which form parts of membrane.
35
Q

what is the function of SER?

A
  • involved in the production, processing and storage of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids.
36
Q

what is the membrane of vacuoles?

A

tonoplast membrane - selectively permeable membrane.

37
Q

what is the function of vacuoles?

A
  • temporary food store.
  • helps maintain tutor pressure.

a level biology (11 decks)

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