Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physics Aqa > 3.2.1 Particles > Flashcards

3.2.1 Particles Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What are atoms made of ? (The simple model of the atom)

A

Atoms of elements are made up of three types of particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

1.6x10^-19C (or As)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Mass of a Proton?

A

1.67x10^-27Kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the charge of a Neutron?

A

0C (or As)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Mass of a Neutron?

A

1.67x10^-27Kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Charge of an Electron?

A

-1.6x10^-19C (or As)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Mass of an Electron?

A

9.11x10^-31Kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is specific charge?

A

Charge per Kilogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus?

A

Total charge of protons/ total mass of No. Nucleons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of an Ion?

A

(Total No. electrons added or taken away x 1.6x10^-19)/ total mass of Nucleons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

An atom (of the same element) that has an equal number of protons but a different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Isotopic data?

A

The relative amounts of different isotopes of an element found within a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can isotopic data be used for?

A

To determine the age of substances, using radioactive dating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example isotope used for radioactive dating?

A

Carbon - 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is there an electrostatic repulsion between nucleons in a nucleus ?

A

Because of the charge of the protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

It holds the nucleus together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the strong nuclear force hold the nucleus together?

A

The strong nuclear force holds quarks together, therefore holding the neutrons and protons together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the strong force attractive up to?

A

3fm (3x10^-15m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the strong force repulsive up to?

A

0.5fm (0.5x10^-15m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the strong force have no effect?

A

3fm (3x10^-15m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the maximum attractive value of the strong force?

A

Around 1fm (1x10^-15m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does alpha decay occur?

A

When the nucleus is proton heavy and unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does an alpha particle consist of?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons, like a helium atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the proton number of an element after alpha decay?

A

It decreases by 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to the nucleon number of an element after alpha decay?

A

It decreases by 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does beta-minus decay occur?

A

With a neutron heavy nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens during Beta-minus decay?

A

A neutron turns into a proton, a high energy electron is emitted along with an anti-neutrino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the proton number of an element after beta-minus decay

A

It increases by 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the equation of beta-minus decay?

A

n –> p + e- + (anti)Ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When does beta-plus decay occur?

A

In a proton heavy nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens during Beta-plus decay?

A

A proton turns into a neutron, a high energy positron and an electron neutrino are emitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the proton number of the element after the beta-plus decay?

A

It decreases by 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the equation for beta-plus decay?

A

p –> n + e+ + Ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why was the existence of the neutrino hypothesised?

A

To account for the conservation of energy in beta decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

For every particle there is a….

A

Corresponding antiparticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Antiparticles and particles have the same…. (2)

A

Mass and Rest-mass energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Antiparticles and particles are different because they have….

A

Opposite charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is rest energy?

A

The energy equivalent to the mass of the particle at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is rest energy measured in?

A

Mega electron volts (MeV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the corresponding antiparticle to a Proton?

A

An antiproton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the corresponding antiparticle to an electron?

A

A positron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the corresponding antiparticle to a Neutron?

A

An antineutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the corresponding antiparticle to an electron neutrino?

A

An antielectron neutrino

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a Photon?

A

EM radiation travelling in packets

45
Q

What do photons do?

A

Transfer energy

46
Q

What is the equation used to calculate the energy of a photon?

A

E = hf

47
Q

What is 1eV equal to in Joules?

A

1.6x10^-19 J

48
Q

What relationship does E = hf state?

A

The energy of the photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the EM radiation

49
Q

What is Planck’s constant, h?

A

6.63x10^-34 Js

50
Q

What happens in annihilation?

A

An antiparticle, particle pair are destroyed and their masses are converted to energy to form gamma ray photons

51
Q

Why are the gamma ray photons emitted in opposite directions?

A

To conserve momentum

52
Q

What is the minimum energy of one photon after annihilation?

A

E (min) = hf (min)

53
Q

What is pair production?

A

When a photon is converted into an equal amount of matter and antimatter

54
Q

When does pair production occur? (2)

A

When the photon has an energy greater than the total rest energy of both particles
When a photon collides with a nucleus

55
Q

What happens to excess energy in pair production?

A

It’s converted into the kinetic energy of the particles

56
Q

What is the minimum energy for a photon to undergo pair production?

A

E (min) = hf (min) = 2E

57
Q

What are the four fundamental forces? (4)

A

The strong nuclear force
The weak nuclear force
Gravity
Electromagnetic force

58
Q

What is the weakest fundamental force?

A

Gravity

59
Q

Which fundamental forces have an infinite range? (2)

A

Electromagnetic and Gravity

60
Q

What is the range of the Weak nuclear force?

A

Up to 10^-18 m

61
Q

What is the range of the Strong nuclear force?

A

10^-15 m

62
Q

Which force is stronger, the Electromagnetic or the Weak nuclear force?

A

Electromagnetic

63
Q

Which fundamental force only affects particles with mass?

A

Gravity

64
Q

Which fundamental force only affects particles with charge?

A

Electromagnetic

65
Q

Which fundamental force affects all particles?

A

Weak nuclear force

66
Q

Which Which fundamental force only affects hadrons?

A

Strong nuclear force

67
Q

What is the argument for exchange particles?

A

There cannot be instantaneous action at a distance when two particles interact

68
Q

When two particles exert a force on one another …..

A

…… a virtual particle is created

69
Q

What do exchange particles do?

A

Carry the fundamental force between each particle

70
Q

What is the exchange particle for the Electromagnetic force?

A

A virtual photon

71
Q

What are the exchange particles for the Weak nuclear force? (3)

A

W+ boson , W- boson , Z° boson

72
Q

What is the exchange particle for the Strong nuclear force between nucleons?

A

Pions

73
Q

What is the exchange particle for the Strong nuclear force between quarks?

A

gluons

74
Q

What are examples of the weak interaction? (4)

A

β+ decay , β- decay, electron capture and electron - proton collision

75
Q

What is the equation for β+ decay? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?

A

p —-> n + e+ + Ve , W+ boson

76
Q

What is the equation for β- decay? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?

A

n —-> p + e- + Ve (anti) , W- boson

77
Q

What is the equation for electron - proton collision? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?

A

p + e- —-> n + Ve , W+ boson

78
Q

Which is the only fundamental force that hadrons are subject to?

A

The strong interaction

79
Q

What are the two classes of hadron? (2)

A

Baryons and mesons

80
Q

What are the two types of Baryons? (2)

A

Protons and neutrons

81
Q

What are the two types of mesons? (2)

A

Kaons and Pions

82
Q

Baryon number is a ….. number

A

Quantum

83
Q

What is a quantum number? (2)

A

A number which is always conserved and a whole number

84
Q

What is the quark structure of a baryon?

A

qqq

85
Q

What is the quark structure of a meson?

A

q (anti)q

86
Q

Which baryon is the only stable baryon, which all other baryons will eventually decay into?

A

Proton

87
Q

What particles do kaons eventually decay into?

A

Pions

88
Q

What are the three types of Lepton? (3)

A

Electrons
Muons
Neutrinos

89
Q

Leptons are ….. particles

A

fundamental

90
Q

Which fundamental force do leptons not feel?

A

The strong interaction

91
Q

Lepton number is a ….. number

A

Quantum

92
Q

Lepton number is always conserved as which two numbers? (2)

A

Muon lepton number
Electron lepton number

93
Q

Muons eventually decay into what?

A

Electrons

94
Q

What two properties make muons different to electrons? (2)

A

They are much heavier and unstable

95
Q

Which interaction is strangeness produced by?

A

Strong

96
Q

Strangeness is a …. number

A

Quantum

97
Q

Strange particles decay via which interaction?

A

Weak

98
Q

Why are strange particles always produced in pairs?

A

To conserve strangeness

99
Q

Which interaction is strangeness conserved?

A

Strong

100
Q

When strange particles decay strangeness can decay by …..

A

0 , +1 , -1

101
Q

Particle physics relies on the ….. efforts of a range of teams of ….. and …. to validate new ……

A

Collaborative, Scientists and engineers, Knowledge

102
Q

What is the strangeness of Positive and neutral kaons?

A

+1

103
Q

What is the quark structure of a neutral pion? (2)

A

u (anti)u , d (anti)d

104
Q

What is the strangeness of a negative kaon?

A

-1

105
Q

What is the quark structure of a positive kaon?

A

u (anti)s

106
Q

What is the quark structure of a negative kaon?

A

(anti)u s

107
Q

What is the change in quark structure during beta minus decay?

A

d —> u

108
Q

What is the change in quark structure during beta plus decay?

A

u —> d

109
Q

Which six properties are always conserved in particle interactions? (6)

A

Energy
Momentum
Charge
Baryon number
Electron Lepton number
Muon Lepton number

Physics Aqa (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions