32.1 Hormones and functions Flashcards
Testosterone
Develops and maintains male sexual characteristics and maturation.
Testes
Melatonin
Released during nighttime hours to aid with sleep.
Penial Gland
Hypothalamus
Releasing and Inhibiting hormones
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
Influences human behavior, including sexual arousal, trust, and parent-infant bonding.
Hypothalamus Produces -> Posterior Pituitary Gland store and releases
Vasopressin / Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and internal temperature.
Hypothalamus: Synthesizes ADH -> Posterior pituitary gland: Stores and releases ADH
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Males
Triggers testes to produce testosterone (responsible for secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production).
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases FSH.
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Females
Stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and prepare eggs for ovulation.
Regulates the menstrual cycle.
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases FSH.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Males
Stimulates testes to produce testosterone.
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases LH.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Females
Triggers ovulation.
Stimulates progesterone production.
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases LH.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases TSH.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol (a stress hormone).
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases ACTH.
Prolactin
Initiates and maintains milk production in lactating individuals.
Anterior pituitary gland: Produces and releases prolactin.
Growth hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth
Metabolic impacts
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSN)
Regulates pigmentation by inducing melanocytes to produce melanin, which protects against DNA damage from UV radiation
Suppresses appetite by acting on receptors in the hypothalamus
Has anti-inflammatory effects and influences aldosterone release.
Skin: Enhanced production in response to UV radiation.
Pituitary Gland: Also produced here.
Hypothalamus: Suppresses appetite.
Insulin
Helps metabolize food and use it for energy throughout the body.
Regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
Prevents calcium loss from the kidneys.
Pancreas: Produces and releases insulin.
Calcitonin
Regulates blood calcium levels by decreasing it.
Opposes the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Thyroid Gland: Produces and secretes calcitonin.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Controls blood calcium levels by increasing it.
Also regulates phosphorus and vitamin D levels.
Parathyroid Glands: Release PTH
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine
Part of the “fight-or-flight” response.
Increase alertness, arousal, and attention.
Constrict blood vessels increase heart rate.
Affects the sleep-wake cycle, mood, and memory.
Adrenal Glands: Release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Glucocorticoids
Regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress.
Influence glucose metabolism.
Adrenal Cortex: Produces glucocorticoids
Estrogen
Influences female sexual characteristics, reproductive development, and bone health.
Ovaries (in females).
Progesterone
Prepares the uterus lining for fertilization and supports pregnancy.
Ovaries (in females).
Thyroxine (T4)
Metabolic Regulation: T4 regulates the rate at which food consumed is transformed into energy by the body. This rate is called the metabolic rate.
Inactive Prohormone: T4 is largely inactive, meaning it doesn’t directly impact your cells.
Some organs T4->T3 impacts your cells and metabolism
Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland produces and releases T4.
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Metabolism and Energy: T3 controls the speed of your body’s metabolism.
Heart and Digestive Functions: It regulates heart rate, digestion, and muscle control.
Brain Development: Critical for normal brain development, especially in infants.
Bone Maintenance: Helps maintain bone health.
Thyroid Gland: T3 is produced by the thyroid gland.
T4->T3 in certain organs so that it can impact your cells and metabolism.
