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Biology > 3.2.1 | cells > Flashcards

3.2.1 | cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of eukaryotic cells?

A

can be uni or multicellular, have membrane bound organelles and 80s ribosomes

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2
Q

what is the DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

linear DNA in the nucleus, wrapped around histones to form chromatin which are coiled into chromosomes,

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3
Q

what is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with molecules embedded inside it

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4
Q

what are the 2 functions of the cell membrane?

A

regulates movement of substances in and out of cells
has receptors on the surface that respond to chemicals like hormones

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5
Q

what is the structure of the RER and SER?

A

sheets of membranes enclosed in a fluid filled space
forms flattened sacs called cisternae
RER has ribosomes on surface

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of the RER?

A

site of proteins synthesis on ribosomes
proteins in lumen of RER fold into tertiary structure and are then packed into vesicles and transported to golgi

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7
Q

what is the function of the SER?

A

synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

system of membrane enclosing a fluid filled space, folded into cisternae

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9
Q

what are the 3 functions of the golgi apparatus?

A

processes and packages proteins
packs proteins into vesicles
makes vesicles and lysosomes

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10
Q

what is the structure of golgi vesicles?

A

small, fluid filled, membrane sacs that are found at edges of apparatus

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11
Q

what are the 3 functions of golgi vesicles?

A

transports lipids and proteins made my golgi body
fuses with cell membrane
releases contents by exocytosis

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12
Q

what is the structure of lysosomes?

A

membrane bound sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes

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13
Q

what are the 4 functions of lysosomes?

A

digest large molecules into smaller ones
involved in phagocytosis
digest old organelles in cells
digests invading cells

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14
Q

what is the structure of ribsomes?

A

made of 2 subunits, proteins and RNA

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15
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

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16
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

double membrane with an intermembrane space, inner membrane form crista, matric inside the inner membrane

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17
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

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18
Q

what is the structure of chloroplast?

A

have a double membrane, have thylakoids stacked to make a grana, has fluid called stroma

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19
Q

what are the 3 functions of the chloroplast?

A

site of photosynthesis
light-dependant stage in thylakoid
light independent stage in stroma which contains enzymes for it

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20
Q

what is the structure of different cell walls?

A

plants and algae contain cellulose
fungi contain chitin
bacteria contain murein, peptidoglycan and glycoprotein

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21
Q

what are the 4 functions of the cell wall?

A

keeps cell shape
supports and strengthens cells
strong enough to resist hydrostatic pressure
permeable to water molecules

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22
Q

what is the structure of vacuoles?

A

a membrane sac that is filled with fluid called tonoplast and cell sap

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23
Q

what are the 4 functions of vacuoles?

A

maintains pressure inside cell
keeps cell rigid
stops plant wilting
when water enters, becomes turgid

24
Q

what is cell specialisation?

A

the way cells adapt for their specific function to make it efficient

25
Q

what are 3 examples for specialisation?

A

muscle cells have lots of mitochondria so release lots of ATP for contractions
sperm cells have lots of mitochondria + tails so lots of ATP released for swimming towards egg
white blood cells have lots of lysosomes for phagocytosis and digestion

26
Q

what is the structure of prokaryotic cells?

A

single-celled organisms, have no membrane-bound organelles, 70s ribosomes, cell walls made of murein

27
Q

what is the DNA of prokaryotic cells?

A

free-floating in the nucleus, circular DNA and have plasmids which are single loops which have gene for antibiotic resistance

28
Q

what are the organelles in prokaryotic cells?

A

plasmids, proteins, ribosomes, cytoplasm, storage granules, cell envelope, capsule, pilli and flagella

29
Q

what is a capsule?

A

layer of protein that protects bacterial cells from phagocytosis

30
Q

what is flagella?

A

long appendages that aid motility

31
Q

what is the structure of a virus?

A

acellular, not alive, capsid, attachment proteins, viral envelope, RNA strand

32
Q

what is magnification?

A

how much bigger the image is than the specimen

33
Q

what is resolution?

A

the minimum distance apart 2 objects are that they appear as separate objects

34
Q

what are artefacts?

A

anything seen in a microscopic image that isn’t apart of the specimen

35
Q

what is the equation to calculate magnification?

A

magnification= image size/ actual size

36
Q

what are the stages of interphase?

A

G0, G1, S phase, G2

37
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

38
Q

what step takes place after mitosis?

A

cytokinesis

39
Q

what happens during gap phase 0?

A

cell is resting and not dividing

40
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

cell grows, DNA replication, organelle replication

41
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and become visible, are x shaped sister chromatids joined at centre by a centromere, spindle fibres form across the cell

42
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

spindle fibres attach at centromere and line chromosomes in centre of the cell,

43
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

spindle fibres pull sister-chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

44
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

new nuclear envelope forms around 2 full sets of chromosomes, forms genetically identical daughter nuclei

45
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm splits into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

46
Q

what is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division

47
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a change in the base sequence of DNA

48
Q

how does cancer treatments work?

A

disrupts the cell cycle of healthy and cancer cells

49
Q

where are the checkpoints during the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, metaphase

50
Q

what happens during the G1 checkpoint?

A

checks if cell is big enough

51
Q

what happens during the S checkpoint?

A

checks if DNA replicated correctly

52
Q

what happens during G2 checkpoint?

A

checks if replication correct and cell big enough to undergo mitosis

53
Q

what happens during metaphase checkpoint?

A

makes sure spindle fibres attached correctly

54
Q

what happens during binary fission?

A

circular DNA and plasmids replicate
cell gets bigger and DNA moves to opposite ends of cell
cytoplasm begins to divide
cytoplasm fully splits into two daughter cells

55
Q

what happens during viral replication?

A

virus attaches to host cell using attachment proteins
viral genetic material is released into host
uses host to replicate genetic material and proteins
viral components assemble inside host cell and replicated viruses leave host cell

Biology (11 decks)

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