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Biology > 3.1.1 | biological molecules > Flashcards

3.1.1 | biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates? 


A


monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

fructose
glucose
galactose

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3
Q

How are disaccharides formed?


A

Two monosaccharides are joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction, releasing water

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides? 


A

sweet-tasting, soluble substances that are the monomer of carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?


A

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?


A

Alpha and beta glucose.

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7
Q

What is an isomer?


A

a molecule that has the same molecular formula as another molecule, but a different arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?


A

Benedict’s test

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9
Q

How do you carry out the Benedict’s test?

A

Add liquid sample to a test tube
add Benedict’s Reagent in excess
heat the mixture
positive result= blue to brick red

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10
Q

What type of test is the Benedict’s test?

A

semi-quantitative test

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11
Q

Why is the Benedict’s test semi-quantitative?


A


Colour change is used to estimate the amount of reducing sugar present, where blue is the least and brick red the most

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12
Q

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?


A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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13
Q

What are the monomers of maltose?


A

Glucose + glucose

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14
Q

What are the monomers of sucrose?


A

Glucose + fructose

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15
Q

What are the monomers of lactose?


A


Galactose + glucose

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16
Q

What are polysaccharides?


A

Polymers made by combining more than 2 monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule for each glycosidic bond

17
Q

what are 3 polysaccharides?

A

starch, cellulose and glycogen

18
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?


A

Hydrolysis into monosaccharides and then Benedict’s test.

19
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

carry out Benedict’s to produce and negative result
- add new sample to test tube and add hydrochloric acid and heat to hydrolyse
-add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise
-test that the solution is now alkaline with pH paper
-retest with Benedict’s
-positive result= blue to brick red

20
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

-add sample to test tube
-add 2 drops of potassium iodide and shake
-positive result= yellow to blue-black

21
Q

What is starch?


A

a polysaccharide found in plants as grains, which occur in seeds and storage organs

22
Q

What is the structure of starch?


A

Made of alpha glucose linked by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, it can be branched (amylose) or unbranched (amylopectin)

23
Q

How is starch’s structure suitable for it’s function?

A

compact, fit more in, good for storage
Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
Branched chains - more efficient hydrolysis for respiration
Large - can’t leave cell

24
Q

What is glycogen?


A

Polysaccharide found in bacteria and animals as a carbohydrate storage found in the liver and muscles

25
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide of alpha glucose with branched chains every 10 monomers. C1-4 and C1-6 glycosidic bonds.

26
Q

How is the structure of glycogen suitable for it’s function?

A

Branched - rapid hydrolysis into glucose for respiration
Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
Compact - good for storage

27
Q

what is the function of cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, used to prevent the cell from bursting when water enters

28
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

Made of beta glucose, each inverted 180 degrees which run parallel to each other. Hydrogen bonds form cross-linkages between them. Cellulose molecules group together to form microfibrils and macrofibrils, which are arranged to further form fibres

29
Q

How is the structure of cellulose suitable for it’s function?


A

Hydrogen bonds form between chains - collective strength to the cell wall

30
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

add sample to test tube
add 2 drops of potassium iodide and shake
positive result= yellow to blue-black

31
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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