3.2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic- membrane bound (multicellular)
ANIMAL- heterophobic PLANT-autotrophic
FUNGAL- chemoautotrophic
Prokaryotic- no membrane bound organelles
Plasma membrane
- phospholipid bilayer (barrier from external environment)
- protiens- transport/antigens/communication
- glycoprotien and glycolipids- cell adhesion and communication
Nucleus
-nucleur pores- allow ribosomes transport through through nuclear envelope
-nucleolous- RNA and ribosomes synthesis
-nucleaplasm- contain chromatin
FUNCTIONS- control centre, mitosis, DNA
Mitochondria
- double membrane- inner folded to form CRISTAE for compartmentalization
- matrix- contains proteins lipids and enzymes for ATP synthesis
Golgi apparatus
stacked membrane (cristernae) packaging lipids+proteins into VESCICLES and sends to cell membrane (exocytosis) - and lysosomes synthasis
Lysosomes
Contains HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES- digest food, organelles and pathogens by ENDOCYTOSIS (e.g. in phygocytes)
Ribosomes
Cytoplasmic granules
- small and large sub unit for Protien Synthesis
- no cell membrane
- 70s in prokaryotic, 80s in eukaryotic
Endoplasmic Reticulam
-cristernai and Luman- transport network
RER- covered in ribosomes
(If cell damage then more RER for repair)
SER- Carries newly synthesised proteins and synthesises lipids
Cell Wall
-polysaccoride cellulose in plants and algae
- Chitin in fungi
(1st layer random and 2and layer organised)
PLASMODESMATA allow cytoplasm flow between cells (connected by thin layer called MIDDLE LAMELLA)
For support and strength
Chloroplasts
double membrane -inner membrane forms THYLOKOID MEMBRAME arranged into GRANA (stacks of coins) filled with chlorophyll
STROMA- like cytoplasm inside inner membrane
STARCH GRAINS also stored here
VACUOLE
TONOPLAST membrane (to seperate from cytoplasm) it maintains cell structure+strength
PLASMID DNA (optional)
reproduce independently, can cause antibiotic resistance
NUCLEOID
genetic information free in cytoplasm, no introns or histones
CYTOPLASM (bacteria cells)
contains glycogen and oil droplets
CELL WALL (bacterial cells)
polymer of polysaccoride and peptin (making glycoprotien called murein)
CAPSULE (optional)
secrete layer of protective slime so cell doesn’t dry out in arid condition
flagellum (optional)
used for locomotion
structure of Virus
acellular-only multiply inside host cell/organisms
CASPID (encloses DNA/RNA)
LIPID ENVELOPE- used to fuse to other cells and exchange plasmids
ENVELOPE PROTEIN-to attach to host cell
TAIL FIBERS- to inject genetic material into bacteria (for bacteriophage virus)
Why and How do Cell Differentiation
To carry out specific functions (called division of labor)
By different Gene’s being expressed in different cells
Adaptations of epithelial cells in small intestine
- microvilli (increased s.a.)
- membrane with enzymes (increase rate of digestoon)
- many mitochondria (for active transport)
Adaptations of palaside mesophyll cells?
Many chloroplasts (for photoshythasis) -colomn shaped (long length for increased light capture)
Types of tissue and their function
Epithelial -covers all body structures
Connective -tough and fiberous hold body together
Muscular -can contract for movement
Nervous -conduct impulses for communication
Definition it tissue
And
Simple vs complex tissue
Cells similar in structure with specific function
Simple -only one cell type
Conplex- more than 1 cell type
How do cells/tissues bind together and interact?
Extracellular material and cell adhesion molecules (like glycolipids)
This allows activities of cells to be intergrated
