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A-Level Biology- Y12 > 3.2.1- Cell Structure > Flashcards

3.2.1- Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment Proteins

A

attach to cells to allow the virus to insert in host cell

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2
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding a virus that protects genetic material

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3
Q

Virus Structure

A

Attachment proteins
Nucleic Acid
Capsid

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4
Q

cell membrane function

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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5
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

cell wall structure

A

Can be cellulose in plants

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7
Q

Cell wall function

A

structure and support

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8
Q

Cells

A

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

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9
Q

chloroplast structure

A

Double membrane. Arranged in stacks (grana) and free space (stoma) to trap light.

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10
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Traps light for photosynthesis to occur there

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11
Q

Common 3 cell adaptations

A

Large SA, lots of mitochondria, lots of RER and Golgi

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12
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread

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13
Q

Differentiation

A

A cell that develops certain structures in order to become specialised

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14
Q

DNA of a eukaryote

A

Complex- large linear chromosomes

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15
Q

DNA of a Prokaryote

A

Free floating loop- compact and shorter

Has plasmids

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16
Q

Does the prokaryote have a capsule?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Has a defined/ true nucleus

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Transports, modifies and stores proteins lipids produced by RER & SER

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

a stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus

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20
Q

Lysosome function

A

Remove useless and harmful materials

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21
Q

Lysosome structure

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Releases energy through respiration and produces atp

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23
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Bound by a double membrane

Outer membrane-matrix

Inner membrane- Cristae

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24
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

Controls the virus

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25
Q

Nucleus function

A

Controls the cell and retains genetic information

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26
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

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27
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing microorganism

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28
Q

Prokaryote

A

doesn’t have a true nucleus

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29
Q

Prokaryote cell wall

A

Made of murein

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30
Q

Prokaryote cell size

A

Unicellular

31
Q

RER function

A

protein synthesis

32
Q

Ribosome function

A

site of protein synthesis

33
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Larger 80s and smaller 70s subunits

Found in cytoplasm with RER

34
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

A

Ribsomes present on a folded membrane

35
Q

SER function

A

Synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

36
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

A

No ribosomes- smooth

37
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell that is adapted for a certain specific function (job).

38
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell that is undifferentiated

39
Q

What are viruses?

A

Get inside cells, they replicate through the lytic and lysogenic pathways, they are microscopic intercellular parasites

40
Q

Uses of microscopes

A

Look at cells and study them in detail, study bacteria so we can make cures, increase sub cellular understanding

41
Q

Magnification

A

the increase of an object’s apparent size by using lenses or mirrors- enlarging an object

42
Q

Magnification equation

A

Image size/actual size

43
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance apart 2 objects can be to appear separate

44
Q

Light microscope magnification

A

x1500

45
Q

scanning electron microscope magnification

A

30,000x

46
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope magnification

A

10,000,000x

47
Q

Light Resolution

A

Poor resolution

48
Q

SEM resolution

A

20 nm

49
Q

TEM resolution

A

0.1nm

50
Q

SEM preparation

A

Coated in a layer of gold and in a vacuum

51
Q

TEM preparation

A

Thin layer, coated in a heavy metal, in a vacuum

52
Q

Light resulting image

A

2D black and white image

53
Q

SEM resulting image

A

Produces 3D and colour image

54
Q

TEM resulting image

A

2D, black and white but detailed

55
Q

Artefact

A

Something seen that is not naturally present

56
Q

How are artefacts formed?

A

In electron microscopes, wrinkles and folds in the membranes

57
Q

How do you convert mm into um?

A

x1000

58
Q

How do you convert um to nm?

A

x1000

59
Q

What does um stand for?

A

micrometers

60
Q

stage micrometer

A

a glass slide having precisely spaced lines etched at known intervals

61
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

A measuring device. It is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler when you view an object under the microscope.

62
Q

Using a stage micrometer & eyepiece graticule

A
  • Stage micrometer shows true lengths.
  • Eyepiece graticule has regular divisions to be calibrated for each magnification - remains constant.
  • Count how many eyepiece units are in a length of the stage micrometer.
  • One eyepiece graticule (at that magnification) = stage micrometer division length / number of eyepiece units.
63
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out.

64
Q

Lysis

A

breaking down or dissolution

65
Q

Buffer solution

A

Prevents damage to organelle by keeping conditions intact and maintaining pH

66
Q

3 factors to control in cell fractionation

A

Temperature, Water/Substrate concentration, pH

67
Q

Why is lysis buffer ice cold?

A

Particles have less heat so less energy, slows down enzyme activity without stopping it

68
Q

Why must buffer have same pH?

A

A pH change can cause a denature so same ph = no denature

69
Q

Why is the buffer isotonic?

A

Prevents water entering of leaving organelle through osmosis and stops osmotic lysis

70
Q

Isotonic

A

when the concentration of two solutions is the same- same inside cell as outside

71
Q

Homogenisation

A

breaking up the cells by disrupting tissues

72
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

A method where cell components are separated out using a centrifuge.

73
Q

pellet

A

heavy organelles that sink to the bottom of the centrifugation tube

74
Q

Supernatent

A

The (usually) clear liquid left behind after a precipitate has been spun down to the bottom of a vessel by centrifugation

A-Level Biology- Y12 (14 decks)

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