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A-Level Biology- Y12 > 3.2.1- Cell Structure > Flashcards

3.2.1- Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Attachment Proteins

A

attach to cells to allow the virus to insert in host cell

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2
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding a virus that protects genetic material

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3
Q

Virus Structure

A

Attachment proteins
Nucleic Acid
Capsid

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4
Q

cell membrane function

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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5
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

cell wall structure

A

Can be cellulose in plants

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7
Q

Cell wall function

A

structure and support

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8
Q

Cells

A

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

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9
Q

chloroplast structure

A

Double membrane. Arranged in stacks (grana) and free space (stoma) to trap light.

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10
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Traps light for photosynthesis to occur there

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11
Q

Common 3 cell adaptations

A

Large SA, lots of mitochondria, lots of RER and Golgi

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12
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread

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13
Q

Differentiation

A

A cell that develops certain structures in order to become specialised

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14
Q

DNA of a eukaryote

A

Complex- large linear chromosomes

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15
Q

DNA of a Prokaryote

A

Free floating loop- compact and shorter

Has plasmids

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16
Q

Does the prokaryote have a capsule?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Has a defined/ true nucleus

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Transports, modifies and stores proteins lipids produced by RER & SER

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

a stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus

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20
Q

Lysosome function

A

Remove useless and harmful materials

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21
Q

Lysosome structure

A

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Releases energy through respiration and produces atp

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23
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Bound by a double membrane

Outer membrane-matrix

Inner membrane- Cristae

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24
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

Controls the virus

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25
Nucleus function
Controls the cell and retains genetic information
26
Nucleus structure
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, nucleoplasm
27
Pathogen
disease causing microorganism
28
Prokaryote
doesn't have a true nucleus
29
Prokaryote cell wall
Made of murein
30
Prokaryote cell size
Unicellular
31
RER function
protein synthesis
32
Ribosome function
site of protein synthesis
33
Ribosome structure
Larger 80s and smaller 70s subunits Found in cytoplasm with RER
34
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure
Ribsomes present on a folded membrane
35
SER function
Synthesis, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
36
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure
No ribosomes- smooth
37
Specialised cell
A cell that is adapted for a certain specific function (job).
38
Stem cell
A cell that is undifferentiated
39
What are viruses?
Get inside cells, they replicate through the lytic and lysogenic pathways, they are microscopic intercellular parasites
40
Uses of microscopes
Look at cells and study them in detail, study bacteria so we can make cures, increase sub cellular understanding
41
Magnification
the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors- enlarging an object
42
Magnification equation
Image size/actual size
43
Resolution
The minimum distance apart 2 objects can be to appear separate
44
Light microscope magnification
x1500
45
scanning electron microscope magnification
30,000x
46
Transmission Electron Microscope magnification
10,000,000x
47
Light Resolution
Poor resolution
48
SEM resolution
20 nm
49
TEM resolution
0.1nm
50
SEM preparation
Coated in a layer of gold and in a vacuum
51
TEM preparation
Thin layer, coated in a heavy metal, in a vacuum
52
Light resulting image
2D black and white image
53
SEM resulting image
Produces 3D and colour image
54
TEM resulting image
2D, black and white but detailed
55
Artefact
Something seen that is not naturally present
56
How are artefacts formed?
In electron microscopes, wrinkles and folds in the membranes
57
How do you convert mm into um?
x1000
58
How do you convert um to nm?
x1000
59
What does um stand for?
micrometers
60
stage micrometer
a glass slide having precisely spaced lines etched at known intervals
61
Eyepiece graticule
A measuring device. It is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler when you view an object under the microscope.
62
Using a stage micrometer & eyepiece graticule
- Stage micrometer shows true lengths. - Eyepiece graticule has regular divisions to be calibrated for each magnification - remains constant. - Count how many eyepiece units are in a length of the stage micrometer. - One eyepiece graticule (at that magnification) = stage micrometer division length / number of eyepiece units.
63
What is cell fractionation?
The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out.
64
Lysis
breaking down or dissolution
65
Buffer solution
Prevents damage to organelle by keeping conditions intact and maintaining pH
66
3 factors to control in cell fractionation
Temperature, Water/Substrate concentration, pH
67
Why is lysis buffer ice cold?
Particles have less heat so less energy, slows down enzyme activity without stopping it
68
Why must buffer have same pH?
A pH change can cause a denature so same ph = no denature
69
Why is the buffer isotonic?
Prevents water entering of leaving organelle through osmosis and stops osmotic lysis
70
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same- same inside cell as outside
71
Homogenisation
breaking up the cells by disrupting tissues
72
Ultracentrifugation
A method where cell components are separated out using a centrifuge.
73
pellet
heavy organelles that sink to the bottom of the centrifugation tube
74
Supernatent
The (usually) clear liquid left behind after a precipitate has been spun down to the bottom of a vessel by centrifugation

A-Level Biology- Y12 (14 decks)

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