321 Flashcards
1
Q
Allopurinol
A
- *pharm class**:Antigout Agent; Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
- *moa**:Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid.
- *use**: Gout,
[OFFLABEL] Nephrolithiasis, prevention of recurrent uric acid stones
admin:
Oral: Administer after meals.
IV: The rate of infusion depends on the volume of the infusion. IV daily dose can be administered as a single infusion or in equally divided doses at 6-, 8-, or 12-hour intervals (manufacturer’s labeling).
Adverse Effects:Acute gout attacks, Hepatotoxicity
Monitoring Parameters: CBC; serum uric acid levels, LFTs, renal function (BUN, serum creatinine, or creatinine clearance), Monitor hydration status, signs/symptoms of hepatotoxicity
2
Q
Budesonide/Formoterol
A
pharm class:Beta2 Agonist;Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist, Long-Acting;Corticosteroid, Inhalant (Oral)
- *moa**:Formoterol: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by selective action on beta2 receptors with little effect on heart rate;Budesonide: A corticosteroid which controls the rate of protein synthesis, depresses the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes/fibroblasts, and reverses capillary permeability and lysosomal stabilization at the cellular level to prevent or control inflammation.
- *use**:Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance
[OFFLABEL] asthma
- *admin**:For oral inhalation only administered every morning and evening, approximately 12 hours apart. Prior to first use, inhaler must be primed by releasing 2 test sprays into the air; shake well for 5 seconds before each spray.Rinse mouth with water (spit out without swallowing) after each use. Do not wash inhaler with water; clean mouthpiece using a dry wipe every 7 days
- *Adverse Effects**:Nasopharyngitis, Headache, upper Respiratory tract infection
- *Monitoring Parameters**: FEV1, peak flow meter and/or other pulmonary function tests; monitor growth in pediatric patients, symptom relief, monitor for increased use if short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists (may be a sign of asthma or COPD deterioration); HPA axis suppression; bone mineral density; blood pressure, heart rate; CNS stimulation; serum glucose, serum potassium
3
Q
Carbidopa/Levodopa
A
- *pharm class:** Anti-Parkinson Agent, Decarboxylase Inhibitor
- *moa**:circulates in the plasma to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), where it crosses, to be converted by striatal enzymes to dopamine
- *use**:Parkinson disease,
[OFFLABEL] rls, parkinsonism
- *admin**:Remove one cassette from refrigerator 20 minutes prior to use. Gel is administered directly to the jejunum via a portable infusion pump. Extended-release capsule: Administer with or without food; a high-fat, high-calorie meal may delay the absorption of levodopa by ~2 hours. Swallow capsules whole; do not chew, divide, or crush capsules.
- *Adverse Effects**:Dyskinesia, n/v, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, Peripheral neuropathy, depression, dizziness, h/a, increased creatine phosphokinase in blood specimen, Increased blood urea nitrogen
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease; periodic hepatic function tests, BUN, creatinine, and CBC; periodic skin examinations; signs and symptoms of postural hypotension.
4
Q
Celecoxib
A
pharm class: Analgesic, Nonopioid; Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID), COX-2 Selective
- *moa**: Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing the activity of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2
- *use**:Anti-inflammatory, Dysmenorrhea, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Migraine, Osteoarthritis, Pain
[OFFLABEL] gout
admin:Capsules: May be swallowed whole or the entire contents emptied onto a teaspoon of cool or room temperature applesauce and administered immediately with water. The contents of the capsules sprinkled onto applesauce may be stored under refrigeration for up to 6 hours.
Oral solution: Administer full dose directly from bottle. Administer partial dose with a calibrated measuring device (not a household teaspoon or tablespoon).
- *Adverse Effects**:MI, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, Gastrointestinal events, anemia, Hepatic effects, Hypersensitivity reactions, Kidney effects,
- *Monitoring Parameters**:CBC, hemoglobin/hematocrit, basic metabolic panel, liver function tests; renal function, weight gain, edema; bleeding, bruising; GI effects
5
Q
Clopidogrel
A
- *pharm class**:anti platelet, ADP receptor blocker
- *moa**:The active metabolite irreversibly blocks the P2Y12component of ADP receptors on the platelet surface, which prevents activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor complex, thereby reducing platelet aggregation
- *use**:Myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or peripheral atherosclerotic disease
[OFFLABEL] Carotid artery atherosclerosis
- *admin**:Administer without regard to meals
- *Adverse Effects**:Bleeding, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, allergies,
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Signs of bleeding; hemoglobin and hematocrit periodically
6
Q
Diltiazem
A
- *pharm class**:Calcium channel blocker
- *moa**:Inhibits calcium ion from entering the “slow channels” or select voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium during depolarization; produces relaxation of coronary vascular smooth muscle and coronary vasodilation
- *use**:Hypertension, chronic stable angina, vasospastic angina
[OFFLABEL] a fib, tachy
- *admin**: before meals and at bedtime. Tablets may be swallowed whole, crushed, or chewed; do not split nonscored tablets.
- *Adverse Effects**:Conduction abnormalities, allergies, Peripheral edema
- *Monitoring Parameters**:LFTs, kidney function, BP, ECG, heart rate
7
Q
Enoxaparin
A
- *pharm class**:Anticoagulant, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, antithrombotic
- *moa**:enhancing the inhibition rate of clotting proteases by antithrombin III impairing normal hemostasis and inhibition of factor Xa
- *use**:Acute coronary syndromes, Deep vein thrombosis treatment, Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
[OFFLABEL] frostbite, pulmonary embolism
- *admin**:Enoxaparin is available in 100 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL concentrations SUBQ or IV
- *Adverse Effects**:anemia, hemorrhage,
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, signs and symptoms of bleeding
8
Q
Escitalopram
A
- *pharm class**:Antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- *moa**:selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin with little to no effect on norepinephrine or dopamine reuptake
- *use**:Major depressive disorder, Generalized anxiety disorder,
[OFFLABEL] Binge eating disorder; Body dysmorphic disorder; Bulimia nervosa; Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Panic disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Premature ejaculation; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder; Vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause
- *admin**:Oral: Administer once daily (morning or evening), with or without food.
- *Adverse Effects**: diarrhea, nausea, ejaculatory disorder, drowsiness, h/a, insomnia,
- *Monitoring Parameters**: ECG, electrolytes, liver and renal, hx of mental disorder
9
Q
Finasteride
A
- *pharm class**:5 Alpha-Reductase Inhibitor
- *moa**:competitively inhibits type II 5-alpha reductase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and markedly suppresses serum dihydrotestosterone levels
- *use**:Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss), Benign prostatic hyperplasia
[OFFLABEL] Hirsutism
- *admin**:Oral: May be administered with or without meals
- *Adverse Effects**:Genitourinary: Impotence
- *Monitoring Parameters**:establish a new PSA baseline ≥6 months after treatment initiation and monitor PSA periodically thereafter
10
Q
Gabapentin
A
- *pharm class**:Antiseizure Agent, GABA Analog
- *moa**:Gabapentin is structurally related to GABA, High affinity gabapentin binding sites have been located throughout the brain
- *use**:Postherpetic neuralgia, Seizures
[OFFLABEL] alcohol withdrawal, Neuropathic pain, rls
- *admin**:immediate release: May administer without regards to meals. Administer first dose on first day at bedtime to avoid somnolence and dizziness. Dosage must be adjusted for renal function; when given 3 times daily
- *Adverse Effects**:Viral infection, Ataxia, dizziness, fatigue
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Periodic renal function, suicidality, resp depression
11
Q
Insulin Lispro Recombinant
A
- *pharm class**:Insulin, Rapid-Acting
- *moa**:Insulin acts via specific membrane-bound receptors on target tissues to regulate metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fats
- *use**: diabetes mellitus
[OFFLABEL] Diabetic ketoacidosis
- *admin**:subq
- *Adverse Effects**:Antibody development, hypoglycemia, Infusion site reaction, Headache, pain, Cough, flu-like symptoms, nasopharyngitis
- *Monitoring Parameters**: blood glucose, electrolytes; renal function; hepatic function; weight
12
Q
Insulin Aspart Recombinant
A
- *pharm class**:Insulin, Rapid-Acting
- *moa**:Insulin acts via specific membrane-bound receptors on target tissues to regulate metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fats
- *use**:Diabetes mellitus
[OFFLABEL] Diabetic ketoacidosis
- *admin**: subq
- *Adverse Effects**: hypoglycemia, Antibody development, h/a, hyporeflexia, Nasopharyngitis, viral respiratory tract infection
- *Monitoring Parameters**: blood glucose, electrolytes; renal function; hepatic function; weight
13
Q
Insulin Glargine, Human
A
- *pharm class**:Insulin, Long-Acting
- *moa**:Insulin acts via specific membrane-bound receptors on target tissues to regulate metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fats.
- *use**:Diabetes mellitus
[OFFLABEL] Hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients
- *admin**:subq
- *Adverse Effects**:Hypertension, peripheral edema, hypoglycemia, Diarrhea, Urinary tract infection, influenza, infection, Depression, Arthralgia, back/limb pain, Bronchitis, cough, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, upper resp tract infection,
- *Monitoring Parameters**: blood glucose, electrolytes; renal function; hepatic function; weight
14
Q
Lanoxin (digoxin)
A
- *pharm class**:Antiarrhythmic Agent, Cardiac Glycoside
- *moa**:Inhibition of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump in myocardial cells results in a transient increase of intracellular sodium. Direct suppression of the AV node conduction to increase effective refractory period and decrease conduction velocity - positive inotropic effect.
- *use**:Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, rate control, Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
[OFFLABEL] Fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia
admin:IM: IV route preferred. If IM injection necessary, administer by deep injection followed by massage at the injection site. Inject no more than 2 mL per injection site. May cause intense pain.
IV: May be administered undiluted or diluted. Inject slowly over ≥5 minutes.
- *Adverse Effects**:nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances (“halos,” yellow or blurred vision), lethargy,
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Heart rate and rhythm, monitor serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium. digoxin levels
15
Q
Levalbuterol
A
- *pharm class**:Beta2 Agonist
- *moa**:Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta2-receptors with little effect on heart rate
- *use**:Bronchospasm
- *admin**:Metered-dose inhaler: Shake well before use, avoid spraying in the eyes. Prime with 4 test sprays prior to first use or if inhaler has not been used for more than 3 days. Clean actuator (mouthpiece) weekly with warm water and air dry thoroughly. A spacer device or valved holding chamber is recommended
- *Adverse Effects**:h/a, nausea, vomting, viral infection, rhinitis
- *Monitoring Parameters**:Asthma symptoms; FEV1, peak flow, and/or other pulmonary function tests; heart rate, blood pressure, CNS stimulation; arterial blood gases. serum potassium, serum glucose
