3.2 unit 4 Flashcards
what are the 4 techniques that achieve social control?
environmental design
behavioural tactics
institutional tactics
gaps in state provision
how does Newmans defensible space theory contribute to environmental design?
if something looks defensible it has clear boundsaries and looks cared for therefore it reduces crime
what are 4 factors Newman suggested made something a defensible space?
territoriality- sense of ownership
natural surveillance- allows easy observation eg low windows
safe image- impression of a safe neighborhood
safe location- location found in wider crime free area such as housing estate with low crime levels
how could Newman theory be applied to a real life scenario?
making somewhere look cared for- teritoriality
low windows- surveillance
streetlights- more visability / surveillance
what does CPTED stand for?
crime prevention through environmental design
what are some features of CTPED?
Design transparency eg open spaces
remove overhead walkways
gated lanes- restrict access to housing
cctv
traffic lights
prison design
how did Alice coleman study CPTED?
analysed 4099 blocks of flats and said 3 features encourage crime:
easy escape
anonymity
lack of surveillance
what did Alice Coleman suggest to decrease crime rates?
no more blocks of flats should be built
each existing block should have its own outdoor space so residents take care of it
remove overhead walkways
how does CPTED work?
-lisson green state, removal of overhead walkways reduced crime by 50%
-police forces now employ architectural liaison officers to build crime out of an area
-the secured by design kitemark scheme is used in industry to show builidng meets crime prevention standards. HO burglary rate down 30% since SBD scheme
how does CPTED not work?
-neglects crime happening within homes eg domestic violence
-doesn’t account for crime such as fraud that isn’t a neighbourhood crime
-neglects social factors eg if residents are at work all day there is no surveillance
-ignores how council may place problem families in one area
-ignores reputation of a certain area over environmental factors
-displacement of crime (IT MOVES)
what are gated lanes?
putting lockable gates in place at end of alleyways that are responsibility of homeowners around them.
main aim is to prevent crime in alleyways eg burglary/ anti social behaviour, can make spaces so kids can play safe
what are the strengths of gated lanes?
- extra security, requires more effort from offender to commit
-restricted access - create safe areas for children
-improved sense of ownership
-residents take responsibility for closing gates inscreases surverillance
-doesnt look like a public space
-shows spaceis caredfor so doesnt suffer from broken windows like open alleyways do
what are some weaknesses of gated lanes?
doesn’t take into account crime happening inside the home
some residents aren’t close so less likely to work together
blamer for not shutting the gate may cause issues in neighborhood
expensive
issues for emergency services, rubbish collectors
might be a public right of way
how does CPTED link to right realism?
target hardening- harder to commit
rational choice- offenders weighs up cost and reward, less likely to commit if get caught
Fersons routine activity- need capable guardian to protect crime targets
what is a panopticon prison design/
traditional style in 18th century allows prisoners to be continually observed by single guard at a watch tower in a semi/full circle shape.cant tell if their being watched
what are other aspects of prison design that could prevent crime?
seperate buildings for different offenders to try and prevent fights
what theory supports the panopticon prison design\/
foucalts theory- argues self surveillance is important for social control, we know we might be watched so obey the rules
what are some behavioural tactics?
ASBO’s
CBO
injunctions
token economies
cautions
fines/ penalty notices
what are ASBO’s?
anti social behavioural order.
won’t be allowed to do certain things eg ban, curfew. can be issued for things such as playing loud music,drinking alcohol.
breach= 5 years in prison
what is a injunction?
deal with low level nuisance and annoyance. breach can lead to 2 years in prison, 3 months detention
what is a CBO?
like an ASBO, it has an additional attachment to try and change behaviour such as a drug treatment or an educational order
what is good/bad of ASBO’S and CBO’s?
ASBO’s may be seen as a badge of honour
high breach rate
CBO adress the issue not just restrict the offender
how do ASBO’s and CBO’S relate to labelling theory?
labelling can lead to a self fuffiling prophecy where people can live up to the label and commit more crime due to wanting to gaining status
what is a token economy?
uses privileges to achieve social control by reinforcing desired behaviour.
based on operant conditioning where they condition criminals through choice and experience.
where are token economies used?
mainly in prison to enforce prison rules such as them being drug free, cleaning their cell, not fighting, interacting positively.
what are limitations of token economies?
not realistic to real life
only works in prison to make them more manageable. doesn’t rehabilitate just modifies to suit the needs of prison
what is a caution?
you have to agree to be cautioned but it isn’t a conviction and you avoid arrest.
contional- have to scrub of graffiti/ fix damage
what are some examples of institutional tactics?
behaviour system in school eg golden star chart
disciplinary in workplace if rules are broken
ex-communication from places of religion if you go against rules
prison- cell confinement
what are some examples of prison rules being broken?
hurt/threaten staff or inmates
try and escape
have contraband
damage property
not follow instructions
prevent staff doing there job
what are some examples of sanctions in prison?
cautions
removal of privelleges
removal of money you earn up to 84 days
cellular confinement up to 35 days
up to extra 42 days on sentence
being moved to a hgiher security prison
what are some rules that need to follow in court?
must silence all calls
can’t take videos
all rise= must stand
have to ask to leave
ask to swear an oath when testifying
what are some sanctions that can be used in court?
can be charged with contempt of court which can have a sentence of 5 years in prison if unfairly influencing as trial
what are some rules relating to the probation service?
do unpaid work
complete a training course
get treatment for addiction
have meeting with a offender manager
what are some sanctions the probation service can impose?
can be returned to prison or additonal conditions added
what are the 4 areas relating to gaps in state provision?
funding
social media
technology
unreported crime
how does unreported crime affect social control?
if not reported the police cant act on this therefore crime stats aren’t accurate and this limits social control as people get away with crime and aren’t prosecuted
how does funding affect social control?
less funding means less officers and police resources and smaller budgets for investigations.
they then have to prioritize certain crimes than other which lead to a lack of social control and higher crime rates. in prison riots have occurred due to not enough staff
how does technology affect social control?
the use of AI makes it harder to see if evidence is real and admissible as it could be fabricated. constant change means police have to be kept up to date which is impossible
how does social media affect social control?
Restrict how we are able to enforce rules as we cant police it effectively
is it up to the social media platforms, the individuals or the police to tackle this crime?
