2.1 unit 4 Flashcards
norms?
what a society accepts as the acceptable standards/ rules of behaviour
eg giving a seat to the elderly
values?
principles and guidelines for how we should love our lives
eg protect life/ right to life
moral codes?
good ways of behaving, breaking them is considered as very serious by society
e.g. murder
what are formal sanctions and who imposes them?
prison, fines, cautions
imposes by official bodies such as the police/ courts as formal rules are being broken
what are informal sanctions and who imposes them?
disapproval, labelling, being left out
imposed by peers, family, school as they aren’t written rules that are broken
what is social control?
organisations put rules into place to ensure society runs smoothly by preventing criminal and deviant behaviour. everyone is encouraged to conform to these rules.
who enforces formal social control?
authorised organizations such as the police enforce formal social control by arresting someone
who enforces informal social control?
carried out by informal agents such as family, peers, school
without stating any rules/ laws
what are the 2 main forms of social control?
internal and external
what is the internal form of social control?
our conscience regulates our behaviour with what we feel is accepted forms of behaviour
we internalize our thoughts in our heads to decide whether right and wrong fits with what our conscience is telling us
what are the 4 forms of internal social control?
psychoanalytical theory
rational ideology
internalisation
socialisation
what is the psychoanalytical theory?
our conscience is formed through our tripartite of personality
to have strong internal social control we have a high degree of moral conscience (superego)
if someone is heavily driven by the ID they are less likely to conform as they aft on impulse
what is rational ideology?
social control is achieved through a system that uses logic (rational choice), reason and shared beliefs. our conscience guides you to follow laws and rules due to experiencing feelings of guilt, anxiety or worry from within when thinking if something is right or wrong .
what is internalisation?
when a person agrees and believes in social norms and therefore internalises them & follows them. A societal norm is to not commit crime; therefore, most people internalise this and behave accordingly.this comes from learning social cues acts on thoughts feelings and expectations, beliefs
what is socialisation?
we learn to behave in a socially accepted way by learning from upbringing, school, family, religion, tradition, culture etc.
what are some agencies of external social control?
government, school, employers
set out rules for us to obey and give positive and negative sanctions based on what behaviour is displayed. based on op conditioning
what are some agencies of external social control within the CJS?
police- stop, search, detain
court- bail, remmand accused, guiltt sentences
prison- detain prisoners for sentence, in prison sanctions eg solitary confinement
cps- charge and prosecute
can use legal sanctions to make individuals confrom
what are the 2 ways that external social control is achieved?
coercion
fear of punishemnt
what is coercion?
forcing someone to do/ not do something by fear or threat of force
can be physical or psychological
fearful of consequences such as arrest, agency powers
what is fear of punishment?
links with coercion as fear of punishment is a way to achieve social control, based on operant conditioning
what do right realists believe about fear of punishment?
threat of going to prison is enough to deter people from commiting crime,
what is the name of walter reckless’ theory?
containment theoryw
what is containment theory?
many are immune to the pull towards crime due to certain factors
inner containment- comes form family and up brining (self concept, goal orientation, norm retention and frustration tolerance)
outer containment- influences from peer groups, law, agencies of control
what is the main point of hirschi’s social bond theory?
the stringer the bond between society and an individual the less likely they are to commit crime
what is the 4 elements of social bond theory?
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
what is attatchment?
attachment of an individual to others if a person cares about others and their opinions they are less likely to commit crime
what is commitment?
if committed to someone or something eg a job or partner in society we are less likely to commit crime as it decreases our social standing
what is involvement?
being involved in conventional activities eg sports means the person is less likely to be criminal
what is belief?
in relation to social bond theory
if socialized to believe that crime is bad, we are more likely to believe this and avoid breaking the law. attached to cultural goals and disapproval of others
what are the feminist views on control theory?
heiderson - women are controlled by men in private by husbands and fathers and in public eg by employers, hierarchical structures which restricts their ability to commit crime hence why they are lower rates for women
