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module 3: exchange and transport > 3.2 transport in animals > Flashcards

3.2 transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

The blood flows through the heart twice to complete one full circuit

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2
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

blood flows through the heart once to complete one full circuit

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3
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system

A

Blood pressure can stay high
Deoxygenated and oxygenated don’t mix

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

The blood is not held/enclosed in vessels

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

The blood is held and stays in the blood vessels

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6
Q

Advantages of a closed circulatory system

A

Higher pressure
More rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
More rapid removal of CO2

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7
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory system

A

Blood pressure is low
Slow flow
Circulation of blood may be affected by body movements

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8
Q

what circulartory system is found in insects

A

open

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9
Q

what circulatory system is found in fish

A

closed

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10
Q

name the layers in blood vessels

A

Lumen
Endothelium
Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle
Collagen fibres

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11
Q

purpose of the endothemlium

A

Inner layer lining of the blood vessel
reduces friction with flowing blood

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12
Q

purpose of collagen fibres

A

helps strengthen the walls

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13
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
(Aorta , pulmonary artery)

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14
Q

Structure of arteries and the benefit

A

Small lumen
Small layer of elastic tissue - help to stretch and recoil
Large layer of muscle
Relatively large layer of collagen - withstand high pressure

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15
Q

What are arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that that distribute blood from an artery to capillaries

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16
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

Later of smooth muscle which contracts to divert/control blood flow

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17
Q

What are capillaries

A

Exchange of materials between the blood and tissue fluid

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18
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Lumen is narrow
Single layer of flattened endothelium cells

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19
Q

What are veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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20
Q

Structure of veins

A

Large lumen
Thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscles, elastic fibre
Valves

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21
Q

What is blood

A

Fluid used to transport materials around the body

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22
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds cells and tissues
Contains very few wbc and proteins

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23
Q

What is lymph

A

Fluid held in the lymphatic system

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24
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure form tissue fluid

A

Near the arteriole end = higher hydrostatic pressure in capillaries to tissue
difference forces blood plasma out of capillary into spaces = forms tissue fluid

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25
What is hydrostatic pressure
The pressure a fluid exerts when pushing against sides of vessels
26
What is oncotic pressure
The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes
27
How does hydrostatic and oncotic pressure move fluids
The net result of these forces creates a pressure to push fluid out of arterial end and back in at the venule end
28
name the structures of the heart
L/R atria L/R ventricle aorta vena cava pulmonary vein/ artery atrioventricular valves semilunar valves septum coronary arteries
29
what side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood and how is it suited to this
the left side thicker walls
30
what side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood
the right side
31
what tissue is the heart made out of
cardiac muscle
32
function of coronary arteries
supplies blood to the heart
33
aorta
carries oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the body/ tissues
34
vena cava
brings/ returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
35
pulmonary vein
oxygenated blood brought back to the heart from the lungs
36
pulmonary artery
deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
37
septum
wall of muscle seperating heart chambers
38
atrioventricular valves
bicuspid (left side, 2) and tricuspid (right side, 3) valves
39
semilunar valves
prevents blood returning back into the heart after leaving
40
what is the cardiac cycle
the sequence of events/coordinated sequence in one full beat of the heart
41
what happens during ventricular systole
right and left ventricle pump together to push blood up out of the arteries
42
what happens during diastole
muscular walls of all chambers relax to allow blood to flow in through veins
43
what happens during atrial systole
right and left atria contract pushes blood into ventricles
44
what do valves do
keeps blood flowing in the same direction
45
how do atrioventricular valves work during systole and diastole
after systole - pressure in ventricles decreases below pressure in atria - blood pushes valves open and moves into ventricles - blood now higher in ventricles so tries to move back up - valves close
46
how do semilunar valves work during systole
blood pressure in ventricles rises - rises above pressure in arteries - valves open
47
how do semilunar valves work during diastole
ventricle size rturned/elastic recoils - pressure drops in ventricles - blood pushed back towards so valves pushed closed
48
what does myogenic mean
heart muscle initiates its own beat
49
where is the pacemaker found
walls of right atrium
50
state the stages of controlling a heartbeat
SAN atrial systole AVN bundle of his purkinji fibres ventricular fibres
51
what is the SAN and what does it do
sino atrial node generates electrical activity/ ave of excitation
52
how doe the wave of excitation cause atrial systole
spreads out over atria walls causes it to contract
53
what is the AVN and what does it do
atrio ventricular node delays the wave of exitation allows atria to empty
54
what is the role of bundle of his
passes impulse down the septum
55
what is the role of purkinje fibres
impulse is taken and spread out over walls of ventricles (ventricular systole)
56
what is an electrocardiogram
trace that records electrical activity of the heart
57
what is bradycardia and tachycardia
brady= slow heart rate tach = fast
58
what is atrial fibrillation
atria beats more frequently then ventricles
59
what is ectopic heartbeat
heartbeat occurs early , felt as if one is missed
60
define affinety
strong attraction/ how much a substance binds to another
61
what is haemoglobin
protein that transports oxygen in erythrocytes
62
what makes up oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin and oxygen
63
what is the association of oxygen
in the lungs oxygen diffuses into plasma and enters rbc
64
what is the dissociation of oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin dissociates oxygen/ releases it
65
what does the haemoglobin dissociation curve show
in low ppO2 = little association of oxygen as ppO2 rises = more oxygen associates to haemoglobin
66
explain conformational change in haemoglobin
as pp of oxygen rises - diffusion gradient rises - 1 oxygen can associate easily - causes slight change in haemoglobin shape - more oxygen can bind easily
67
how does the change in haemoglobin shape change the shape of the curve
more oxygen is associating so curve gets steeper
68
what is fetal haemoglobin
haemoglobin found in the fetus
69
describe fetal hB affinety for oxygen
higher affinety for oxygen then adult haemoglobin
70
describe the effect of fetal hB on the dissociation curve and why
moves to the left more oxygen has to associate to haemoglobin iin environment where adult haemoglobin can dissociate it
71
Name the 3 ways co2 can be transported
Directly in the plasma Forming carbaminohaemoglobin Forming hydrocarbonaye ions
72
Explain all the process that happens when co2 diffuses into a rbc
Combines with water = carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates to releases H+ ions and hydrogen carbonate HCO3- ions H+ ions bind with Hb to form haemoglobinic acid HCO3- ions diffuse out of the rbc so chloride ions diffuse in
73
what is the chloride shift
movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charges as HCO3- leaves
74
what is the purpose of forming haemoglobinic acid
acts as a buffer as prevents H+ ions building up
75
how does the pH in red blood cells change
pH decreases/ becomes more acidic as H+ ions build up
76
what is the bohr effect
the effect that increasing concentration of carbon dioxide has on haemoglobin
77
explain the bohr shift
haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right - as more CO2 so less O2 saturated with oxygen so more oxygen dissociates
78
explain why the bohr shift happens
CO2 enters the rbc - carbonic acid formed - dissociates to produce H+ = lowers the pH, more acidic = alters tertiary structure = reduced affinety for oxygen = more dissociates

module 3: exchange and transport (3 decks)

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