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module 3: exchange and transport > 3.2 transport in animals > Flashcards

3.2 transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

The blood flows through the heart twice to complete one full circuit

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2
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

blood flows through the heart once to complete one full circuit

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3
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system

A

Blood pressure can stay high
Deoxygenated and oxygenated don’t mix

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

The blood is not held/enclosed in vessels

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

The blood is held and stays in the blood vessels

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6
Q

Advantages of a closed circulatory system

A

Higher pressure
More rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
More rapid removal of CO2

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7
Q

Disadvantages of open circulatory system

A

Blood pressure is low
Slow flow
Circulation of blood may be affected by body movements

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8
Q

what circulartory system is found in insects

A

open

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9
Q

what circulatory system is found in fish

A

closed

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10
Q

What are the layers in blood vessels

A

Lumen
Endothelium
Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle
Collagen fibres

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11
Q

purpose of the endothemlium

A

Inner layer lining of the blood vessel
reduces friction with flowing blood

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12
Q

purpose of collagen fibres

A

helps strengthen the walls

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13
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
(Aorta , pulmonary artery)

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14
Q

Structure of arteries and the benefit

A

Small lumen
Small layer of elastic tissue - help to stretch and recoil
Large layer of muscle
Relatively large layer of collagen - withstand high pressure

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15
Q

What are arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that that distribute blood from an artery to capillaries

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16
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

Later of smooth muscle which contracts to divert/control blood flow

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17
Q

What are capillaries

A

Exchange of materials between the blood and tissue fluid

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18
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Lumen is narrow
Single layer of flattened endothelium cells

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19
Q

What are veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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20
Q

Structure of veins

A

Large lumen
Thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscles, elastic fibre
Valves

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21
Q

What is blood

A

Fluid used to transport materials around the body

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22
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds cells and tissues
Contains very few wbc and proteins

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23
Q

What is lymph

A

Fluid held in the lymphatic system

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24
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure form tissue fluid

A

Near the arteriole end - higher hydrostatic pressure in capillaries to tissue - difference forces blood plasma out of capillary into spaces - forms tissue fluid

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25
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure a fluid exerts when pushing against sides of vessels

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26
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

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27
Q

How does hydrostatic and oncotic pressure move fluids

A

The net result of these forces creates a pressure to push fluid out of arterial end and back in at the venule end

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28
Q

name the structures of the heart

A

L/R atria
L/R ventricle
aorta
vena cava
pulmonary vein/ artery
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves
septum
coronary arteries

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29
Q

what side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood and how is it suited to this

A

the left side
thicker walls

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30
Q

what side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

A

the right side

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31
Q

what tissue is the heart made out of

A

cardiac muscle

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32
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

supplies blood to the heart

33
Q

aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the body/ tissues

34
Q

vena cava

A

brings/ returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

35
Q

pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood brought back to the heart from the lungs

36
Q

pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

37
Q

septum

A

wall of muscle seperating heart chambers

38
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

bicuspid (left side, 2) and tricuspid (right side, 3) valves

39
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevents blood returning back into the heart after leaving

40
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events/coordinated sequence in one full beat of the heart

41
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

right and left ventricle pump together to push blood up out of the arteries

42
Q

what happens during diastole

A

muscular walls of all chambers relax to allow blood to flow in through veins

43
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

right and left atria contract pushes blood into ventricles

44
Q

what do valves do

A

keeps blood flowing in the same direction

45
Q

how do atrioventricular valves work during systole and diastole

A

after systole - pressure in ventricles decreases below pressure in atria - blood pushes valves open and moves into ventricles - blood now higher in ventricles so tries to move back up - valves close

46
Q

how do semilunar valves work during systole

A

blood pressure in ventricles rises - rises above pressure in arteries - valves open

47
Q

how do semilunar valves work during diastole

A

ventricle size rturned/elastic recoils - pressure drops in ventricles - blood pushed back towards so valves pushed closed

48
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

heart muscle initiates its own beat

49
Q

where is the pacemaker found

A

walls of right atrium

50
Q

state the stages of controlling a heartbeat

A

SAN
atrial systole
AVN
bundle of his
purkinji fibres
ventricular fibres

51
Q

what is the SAN and what does it do

A

sino atrial node
generates electrical activity/ ave of excitation

52
Q

how doe the wave of excitation cause atrial systole

A

spreads out over atria walls causes it to contract

53
Q

what is the AVN and what does it do

A

atrio ventricular node
delays the wave of exitation
allows atria to empty

54
Q

what is the role of bundle of his

A

passes impulse down the septum

55
Q

what is the role of purkinje fibres

A

impulse is taken and spread out over walls of ventricles (ventricular systole)

56
Q

what is an electrocardiogram

A

trace that records electrical activity of the heart

57
Q

what is bradycardia and tachycardia

A

brady= slow heart rate
tach = fast

58
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

atria beats more frequently then ventricles

59
Q

what is ectopic heartbeat

A

heartbeat occurs early , felt as if one is missed

60
Q

define affinety

A

strong attraction/ how much a substance binds to another

61
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

protein that transports oxygen in erythrocytes

62
Q

what makes up oxyhaemoglobin

A

haemoglobin and oxygen

63
Q

what is the association of oxygen

A

in the lungs oxygen diffuses into plasma and enters rbc

64
Q

what is the dissociation of oxygen

A

oxyhaemoglobin dissociates oxygen/ releases it

65
Q

what does the haemoglobin dissociation curve show

A

in low ppO2 = little association of oxygen
as ppO2 rises = more oxygen associates to haemoglobin

66
Q

explain conformational change in haemoglobin

A

as pp of oxygen rises - diffusion gradient rises - 1 oxygen can associate easily - causes slight change in haemoglobin shape - more oxygen can bind easily

67
Q

how does the change in haemoglobin shape change the shape of the curve

A

more oxygen is associating so curve gets steeper

68
Q

what is fetal haemoglobin

A

haemoglobin found in the fetus

69
Q

describe fetal hB affinety for oxygen

A

higher affinety for oxygen then adult haemoglobin

70
Q

describe the effect of fetal hB on the dissociation curve and why

A

moves to the left
more oxygen has to associate to haemoglobin iin environment where adult haemoglobin can dissociate it

71
Q

Name the 3 ways co2 can be transported

A

Directly in the plasma
Forming carbaminohaemoglobin
Forming hydrocarbonaye ions

72
Q

Explain all the process that happens when co2 diffuses into a rbc

A

Combines with water = carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates to releases H+ ions and hydrogen carbonate HCO3- ions
H+ ions bind with Hb to form haemoglobinic acid
HCO3- ions diffuse out of the rbc so chloride ions diffuse in

73
Q

what is the chloride shift

A

movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charges as HCO3- leaves

74
Q

what is the purpose of forming haemoglobinic acid

A

acts as a buffer as prevents H+ ions building up

75
Q

how does the pH in red blood cells change

A

pH decreases/ becomes more acidic as H+ ions build up

76
Q

what is the bohr effect

A

the effect that increasing concentration of carbon dioxide has on haemoglobin

77
Q

explain the bohr shift

A

haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right - as more CO2 so less O2 saturated with oxygen so more oxygen dissociates

78
Q

explain why the bohr shift happens

A

CO2 enters the rbc - carbonic acid formed - dissociates to produce H+ = lowers the pH, more acidic = alters tertiary structure = reduced affinety for oxygen = more dissociates

module 3: exchange and transport (3 decks)

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