Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

module 3: exchange and transport > 3.1 exchange surfaces > Flashcards

3.1 exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need specialised exchange systems

A

larger organisms there are multiple layers of cells so body surface no longer sufficient
diffusion cannot take place quick enough and supply enough of o2 and nutrients etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 factors that affect the need for exchange systems

A

size
SA:V
activity level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why does size not matter for exchange in single celled organisms

A

cytoplasm is close enough to environment (short diffusion pathway) so diffusion can supply enough oxygen and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is size an issue for exchange in multi-cellular organisms

A

there is several layers of cells and oxygen and nutrients have a larger diffusion pathway happens too slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the SA:V in small and large organisms

A

small = large SA:V
large = small SA:V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the impact of activity levels for the need for specialised exchange systems

A

lots of metabolic activity = uses energy = need a good supply of nutrients and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe features of a good exchange system

A

good blood supply - maintain conc. gradient
large SA - provides more space for molecules to pass through
thin barrier - permeable, reduce diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define breathing rate

A

number of breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define oxygen uptake

A

volume of oxygen absorbed by lungs in one minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a spirometer

A

device used to measure movement of air into and out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a float chamber spirometer

A

chamber of air floating on a tank of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to a float chamber spirometer during inspiration and expiration

A

air drawn out of chamber
lid moves down
air returns to chamber
raises lid
movement recorded by datalogger to produce a trace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the purpose of soda lime

A

absorbs CO2 as its exhaled to allow measurement of oxygen uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

precautions taken when using spirometers

A

healthy subject
fresh/functioning soda lime
no air leaks
sterilised mouthpiece
water chamber overfilled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do you record oxygen uptake by spirometer

A

breathing in
oxygen absorbed by blood
replaced by CO2
CO2 now absorbed by soda lime
volume of air decreases in chamber
and volume of CO2 released and absorbed by sodalime = volume of oxygen absorbed by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

calculating vital capacity

A

Tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve vol. + expiratory reserve vol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

calculating minute ventilation

A

Breathing rate x tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

calculate total lung volume

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the passage of air you breathe in

A

Nose - Trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during gas exchange in mammals

A

Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to air in alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do lungs maintain a concentration gradient

A

Large SA
Permeable Barrier
Thin barrier - one cell thick, reduce diffusion distance, squamous cells
good blood network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define ventilation

A

Action of intercostal muscles and diaphragm allowing inhaling air and expiring CO2

25
Q

What does ventilation ensure

A

Concentration of O2 in air of alveoli is higher then in the blood
Concentration of CO2 in the alveoli is lower then the blood
To maintain a concentration gradient

26
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts (moves down/ flattens)
External intercostal muscles contract (raises ribs)
Volume of chest cavity increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in

27
Q

What happens during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes (pushes up)
External internal muscles relax (ribs fall)
Volume of chest cavity decreases
Pressure in lungs increase
Air moves out

28
Q

How do bony fish exchange gases

A

Exchanges gases with the water they live in
Use gills to absorb dissolved O2 and release CO2

29
Q

What is the operculum

A

Bony flap that covers and protects gills

30
Q

What are filaments/ primary lamallae

A

Slender branches of tissue which makes up gills, attached to bony arc

31
Q

What are secondary lamallae/ gill plates

A

Folds of filaments to increase SA

32
Q

what is the role of lamallae/ filaments in fish

A

to increase the surface area

33
Q

define countercurrent flow

A

Two fluids flow in opposite directions

34
Q

How does countercurrent flow work in gills

A

Blood in gills flow in opposite direction to slow of water to maintain concentration gradient

35
Q

What is the buccal cavity

A

Mouth of bony fish

36
Q

How do bony fish keep water flowing over gills

A

Buccal - opercular pump

37
Q

How does water get drawn into and out of a fish

A

Floor of mouth moves down - pressure decreases- water moves in
Floor closes - pressure increases - pushes water through gills

38
Q

How is water pushed out though the gills

A

Buccal cavity closes - water pushed out of buccal cavity - operculum moves outwards - reduces pressure in operculum cavity - water flows out

39
Q

What is an insects circulatory system like

A

An open circulatory system in which body fluids are both body and tissue fluid

40
Q

What is the tracheal system

A

System of air filled tubes in insects

41
Q

define spiracle

A

Opening or pore that allows air in or out of the trachea

42
Q

define trachea

A

Series of tubes that transport air

43
Q

define tracheoles

A

Trachea dividing into smaller branches

44
Q

define tracheal fluid

A

Fluid found at the end of the tracheoles

45
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in insects

A

Between air in tracheoles and fluid in tracheole fluid

46
Q

What happens in active tissues in insects

A

Tracheal fluid is withdrawn to increase the surface area of the trachea wall exposed to air

47
Q

How does ventilation occur in insects

A

Happens by movements of the body

48
Q

How does the tracheal system allow ventilation

A

Tracheal wall is flexible and the system expands
Acts as air sacs gets squeezed by muscles
Repetitive expansion and contraction of sacs ventilate the system

49
Q

How does wing movement of insects cause ventilation

A

Wings alter volume of thorax
Volume decrease - pressure increases in system - air pushed out
Volume increases - pressure drops - air pushed back into tracheal system

50
Q

How does the abdomen in insects affect ventilation

A

Volume altered - expands - front spiracles open - air enters system

51
Q

What cells make up lung tissue

A

Squamous cells and elastic fibres

52
Q

What are squamous cells

A

flattened epithelial cells in the alveoli

53
Q

What are ciliated epithelium

A

Lines airways
Hairlike extensions
Helps to waft mucus up trachea

54
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Cells that secrete mucus
Traps pathogens

55
Q

describe cartilage

A

Form of connective tissue
Prevents airways collapsing
C shaped to allow flexibility

56
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

Involuntary muscles
Contract without conscious thought

57
Q

how are airways constricted

A

smooth muscle will contract and constrict the airway - makes the lumen narrower - restricts air flow

58
Q

why would airways need to be restricted

A

harmful substances in air
allergic reaction etc.

59
Q

how do smooth muscles and elastic fibres work together

A

smooth muscle contracts- deforms elastic fibres
muscles relax- elastic fibres return to normal shape

module 3: exchange and transport (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions