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module 3: exchange and transport > 3.1 exchange surfaces > Flashcards

3.1 exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need specialised exchange systems

A

larger organisms there are multiple layers of cells so body surface no longer sufficient
diffusion cannot take place quick enough and supply enough of o2 and nutrients etc.

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2
Q

what 3 factors affect need for exchange systems

A

size
SA:V
activity level

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3
Q

why does size not matter for exchange in single celled organisms

A

cytoplasm is close enough to environment so diffusion can supply enough oxygen and nutrients

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4
Q

why is size an issue for exchange in multi-cellular organisms

A

there is several layers of cells and oxygen and nutrients have a larger diffusion pathway happens too slowly

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5
Q

what is SA:V like in small and large organisms

A

small = large SA:V
large = small SA:V

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6
Q

how does level of activity impact need for specialised exchange systems

A

lots of metabolic activity = uses energy = need a good supply of nutrients and oxygen

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7
Q

describe features of a good exchange system

A

good blood supply - maintain conc. gradient
large SA - provides more space for molecules to pass through
thin barrier - permeable, reduce diffusion distance

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8
Q

what is breathing rate

A

number of breaths per minute

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9
Q

what is oxygen uptake

A

volume of oxygen absorbed by lungs in one minute

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10
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath

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11
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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12
Q

what is a spirometer

A

device used to measure movement of air into and out of lungs

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13
Q

what is a float chamber spirometer

A

chamber of air floating on a tank of water

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14
Q

what happens to a float chamber spirometer during inspiration and expiration

A

air drawn out of chamber
lid moves down
air returns to chamber
raises lid
movement recorded by datalogger to produce a trace

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15
Q

describe the purpose of soda lime

A

absorbs CO2 as its exhaled to allow measurement of oxygen uptake

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16
Q

what precautions should be taken when using spirometers

A

healthy subject
fresh/functioning soda lime
no air leaks
sterilised mouthpiece
water chamber overfilled

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17
Q

how do you record oxygen uptake by spirometer

A

breathing in
oxygen absorbed by blood
replaced by CO2
CO2 now absorbed by soda lime
volume of air decreases in chamber
and volume of CO2 released and absorbed by sodalime = volume of oxygen absorbed by blood

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18
Q

How do you find vital capacity

A

Tidal vol. + inspiratory reserve vol. + expiratory reserve vol.

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19
Q

How do you find minute ventilation

A

Breathing rate x tidal volume

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20
Q

How do you find total lung volume

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

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21
Q

What does air pass through as you breathe in

A

Nose - Trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

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22
Q

What happens during gas exchange in mammals

A

Oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to air in alveoli

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23
Q

How do lungs maintain a concentration

A

Large SA
Permeable Barrier
Thin barrier - one cell thick, reduce diffusion distance, squamous cells

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24
Q

What’s ventilation

A

Action of intercostal muscles and diaphragm allowing inhaling air and expiring CO2

25
Q

What does ventilation ensure

A

Concentration of O2 in air of alveoli is higher then in the blood
Concentration of CO2 in the alveoli is lower then the blood
To maintain a concentration gradient

26
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts (moves down/ flattens)
External intercostal muscles contract (raises ribs)
Volume of chest cavity increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in

27
Q

What happens during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes (pushes up)
External internal muscles relax (ribs fall)
Volume of chest cavity decreases
Pressure in lungs increase
Air moves out

28
Q

How do bony fish exchange gases

A

Exchanges gases with the water they live in
Use gills to absorb dissolved O2 and release CO2

29
Q

What is the operculum

A

Bony flap that covers and protects gills

30
Q

What are filaments/ primary lamallae

A

Slender branches of tissue which makes up gills, attached to bony arc

31
Q

What are secondary lamallae/ gill plates

A

Folds of filaments to increase SA

32
Q

What are countercurrent flow

A

Two fluids flow in opposite directions

33
Q

How does countercurrent flow work in gills

A

Blood in gills flow in opposite direction to slow of water to maintain concentration gradient

34
Q

What is the buccal cavity

A

Mouth of bony fish

35
Q

How do bony fish keep water flowing over gills

A

Buccal - opercular pump

36
Q

How does water get drawn into and out of a fish

A

Floor of mouth moves down - pressure decreases- water moves in
Floor closes - pressure increases - pushes water through gills

37
Q

How is water pushed out though the gills

A

Buccal cavity closes - water pushed out of buccal cavity - operculum moves outwards - reduces pressure in operculum cavity - water flows out

38
Q

What is an insects circulatory system like

A

An open circulatory system in which body fluids are both body and tissue fluid

39
Q

What is the tracheal system

A

System of air filled tubes in insects

40
Q

What is a spiracle

A

Opening or pore that allows air in or out of the trachea

41
Q

What is the trachea

A

Series of tubes that transport air

42
Q

What are tracheoles

A

Trachea dividing into smaller branches

43
Q

What is tracheal fluid

A

Fluid found at the end of the tracheoles

44
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in insects

A

Between air in tracheoles and fluid in tracheole fluid

45
Q

What happens in active tissues in insects

A

Tracheal fluid is withdrawn

46
Q

What does withdrawal of tracheal fluid do

A

Increases surface area of trachea wall exposed to air
More oxygen can be absorbed

47
Q

How does ventilation occur in insects

A

Happens by movements of the body

48
Q

How does the tracheal system allow ventilation

A

Tracheal wall is flexible and the system expands
Acts as air sacs gets squeezed by muscles
Repetitive expansion and contraction of sacs ventilate the system

49
Q

How does wing movement of insects cause ventilation

A

Wings alter volume of thorax
Volume decrease - pressure increases in system - air pushed out
Volume increases - pressure drops - air pushed back into tracheal system

50
Q

How does the abdomen in insects affect ventilation

A

Volume altered - expands - front spiracles open - air enters system

51
Q

What cells make up lung tissue

A

Squamous cells and elastic fibres

52
Q

What are squamous cells

A

flattened epithelial cells in the alveoli

53
Q

What are ciliated epithelium

A

Lines airways
Hairlike extensions
Helps to waft mucus up trachea

54
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Cells that secrete mucus
Traps pathogens

55
Q

describe cartilage

A

Form of connective tissue
Prevents airways collapsing
C shaped to allow flexibility

56
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

Involuntary muscles
Contract without conscious thought

57
Q

how are airways constricted

A

smooth muscle will contract and constrict the airway - makes the lumen narrower - restricts air flow

58
Q

why would airways need to be restricted

A

harmful substances in air
allergic reaction etc.

59
Q

how do smooth muscles and elastic fibres work together

A

smooth muscle contracts- deforms elastic fibres
muscles relax- elastic fibres return to normal shape

module 3: exchange and transport (3 decks)

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