3.2 Synthesis d - Haloalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

substituted alkenes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom

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2
Q

Explain the structure of monohaloalkanes

A
  • they only have one halogen atom
  • ## primary, secondary or tertiary
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3
Q

Explain the elimination reactions of monohaloalkanes

A
  • take part in elimination reactions to form alkenes using a strong base, such as potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol
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4
Q

What are the 3 nucleophilic substitution reactions of monohaloalkanes?

A

Forming:
- alcohols
- ethers
- nitriles

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5
Q

Explain the formation of alcohols from nucleophilic substitutions

A
  • nucleophilic substitution reactions
    monohaloalkane + aqueous alkalis = alcohols
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6
Q

Explain the formation of ethers from monohaloalkanes

A
  • nucleophilic substitution reactions
    alcoholic alkoxide + monohaloalkane = ether
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7
Q

Explain the formation of nitriles from monohaloalkanes

A
  • nucleophilic substitution reactions
    monohaloalkanes + ethanolic cyanide = nitrile
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8
Q

What can then happen to nitriles?

A

undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids by acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis

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9
Q

Haloalkanes and steric hinderance and the inductive stabilisation of the carbon intermediate

A
  • more methyl groups and less hydrogen means a more stable carbon intermediate - the more likely it will be an Sn1 mechanism
  • more methyl groups and the less hydrogen means there will be more steric hinderance so an Sn2 mechanism is less likely
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