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A Level Physics > 3.2 Particles and Radiation > Flashcards

3.2 Particles and Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Alpha decay

A

decay by emitting a Helium nucleus to become more stable

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2
Q

Annihilation

A

Particle and antiparticle meet, destroy eachother and emit radiation

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3
Q

Antibaryon

A

Hadron consisting of three antiquarks

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4
Q

Atomic number Z

A

Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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5
Q

Baryon

A

Hadron consisting of three quarks. The proton is the only stable baryon

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6
Q

Beta decay

A

when B- or B+ particles are emitted following decay of a neutron-rich or proton-rich nucleus

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7
Q

Conservation rules

A

Rule that: Baryon No., Lepton No. Charge, Energy, Momentum. Always conserved in interactions

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8
Q

When is strangeness conserved?

A

Strong interactions

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9
Q

How are strange particles created?

A

Strong interactions

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10
Q

How to strange particles decay?

A

Weak interactions

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11
Q

de Broglie hypothesis

A

Matter particles have a wave-like nature

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12
Q

de Broglie wavelength

A

Wavelength of a matter particle

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13
Q

deexcitation

A

process by which atom loses energy by photon emission as electron moves to lower energy level - inner shell

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14
Q

diffraction

A

spreading out of waves that pass through gap or near edge

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15
Q

diffraction grating

A

plate with close parallel slits on it

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16
Q

dispersion

A

splitting of beam of white light into colours by prism

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17
Q

electromagnetic interaction

A

force or interaction between 2 charged objects

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18
Q

electromagnetic wave

A

wavepacket or photon consisting of transverse electic and magnetic waves in phase and at right angle to eachother

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19
Q

excitation

A

process in which atom absorbs energy without becoming ionised when electron moves from inner shell to higher energy level in outer shell

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20
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work

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21
Q

energy levels

A

discrete energy levels that electrons take in shells of atom

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22
Q

gamma radiation

A

high energy photons emitted by unstable nuclei or produced in particle annihilations

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23
Q

ground state

A

lowest energy state of an atom

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24
Q

hadron

A

particles and anti that can interact through the strong interaction

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25
Q

ion

A

charged atom

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26
Q

ionisation

A

process of creating ions

27
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons and the same number of protons

28
Q

kaon

A

meson that has a strange quark and another quark

29
Q

lepton

A

particles that cannot interact through the strong interation

30
Q

matter waves

A

wave-like behaviour of particles

31
Q

meson

A

hadron made up of a quark and an anti quark

32
Q

muon

A

negatively charged lepton with a greater rest mass than the electron

33
Q

neutrino

A

uncharged lepton with a lower rest mass than the electron

34
Q

nucleon

A

N or P in nucleus

35
Q

nucleon number

A

number of P’s or N’s in the nucleus

36
Q

nuclide

A

type of nucleus with a particular number of P’s and N’s

37
Q

photoelectric effect

A

emission of electrons from metal surface when surface is hit with light with photons of frequency greater than threshold frequency

38
Q

photon

A

packet or ‘quantum’ of electromagnetic waves

39
Q

pion

A

meson with a u or d quark and antiquark

40
Q

pair production

A

gamma photon changed in a particle and corresponding antiparticle

41
Q

strong interaction

A

interaction between two hadrons

42
Q

strong nuclear force

A

attractive force between nucleons that holds the nucleons in the nucleus together

43
Q

Continuous Spectrum

A

continuous range of colours

44
Q

line emission spectrum

A

characteristic coloured lines due to discrete frequencies and corresponding wavelengths

45
Q

line absorption spectrum

A

dark vertical lines against continuous range of colours

46
Q

weak interaction

A

interaction between 2 leptons and between a hadron and a lepton

47
Q

weak nuclear force

A

force responsible for beta decay

48
Q

virtual photon

A

carrier of the electromagnetic force - no charge and zero rest mass

49
Q

W boson

A

carrier of the weak nuclear force - can have positive or negative charge and have non zero rest mass

50
Q

Antimatter

A

Antiparticles with same quantum values but opposite charge to corresponding particles

51
Q

threshold frequency

A

minimum frequency of light that will cause the photoelectric effect

52
Q

work function

A

minimum amount of energy needed by an electron to escape from a metal surface

53
Q

exchange particle for weak interaction

A

W- or W+ boson

54
Q

exchange particle for strong interaction

A

pion or gluon

55
Q

exchange particle for electromagnetic interaction

A

virtual photon

56
Q

exchange particle for gravitational interaction

A

graviton

57
Q

property of strange particles

A

made through strong interaction and decay through weak interaction

58
Q

when is strangeness conserved

A

conserved in strong interaction, not conserved through weak interaction

59
Q

significance of neurtino in beta decay

A

conserve momentum, conserve lepton number

60
Q

fluroescence

A

emission of visible photons after atoms deexcite

61
Q

excited state

A

an atom which is not in its ground state - lowest energy state

62
Q

nucleus

A

relatively small part of atom in centre, contains all of atom’s positive charge, most of mass concentrated here

63
Q

electron capture

A

proton-rich nucleus captures inner shell electron, turns into neutron and releases electron neutrino - photon emitted when an electron fills the inner shell vacancy by moving to a lower energy shell

A Level Physics (10 decks)

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