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Advanced Higher Biology > 3.2 Experimental Design > Flashcards

3.2 Experimental Design Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pilots studies and what do they do?

A

They are small, preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether crucial components of a main study will be feasible.

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2
Q

What are some advantages of pilot studies?

A

Plan Procedures
Access Vadility
Check tequniques
Evaluation and modification of experimental design

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3
Q

What is a Variable?

A

Any factor that can be controlled or changed or measured in an experiment

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4
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment

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5
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The thing changed in a scientific experiment.

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6
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Take on an infinite number of values

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7
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

Have a finite range of values

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8
Q

What is the difference between simple and multifunctional experiments?

A

Multifunctional is more than one variable

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9
Q

An observational study is?

A

When the independent variable is not directly controlled by the investigator for ethical or logistical reasons.

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10
Q

What are observational studies good for?

A

Detecting correlation

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11
Q

Why would randomised block design be used?

A

In cases where confounding variables cannot be easily controlled.

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12
Q

What is a positive control?

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs.

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13
Q

What is a negative control?

A

Provides results in the absence of a treatment.

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14
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Something that can be included as a treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated

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15
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable.

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16
Q

What is in vitro?

A

The technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism.

17
Q

What is in vivo?

A

Refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism.

18
Q

A representative sample should….

A

..share the same the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

19
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.

20
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals

21
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

The population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally.

22
Q

What counts as qualitative data?

A

It is subjective and descriptive

23
Q

What counts as quantatitive data?

A

It can be measured objectively, usually with numerical value

24
Q

What is ranked data?

A

Numerical values are replaced by their rank from lowest to highest

25
Q

Correlation is an ______ but does not imply _____

A

Correlation is an association and does not imply causation

26
Q

Causation exists if?

A

the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent variable

27
Q

A positive correlation exists when…

A

…when an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

28
Q

A negative correlation exists when…

A

…when an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

29
Q

What is the entire scientific cycle?

A

Hypothesis, experimental design, gathering and recording, analysis of data, evaluation of results, conclusion

30
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Essentially the ‘no change position’ where you state there is no relationship between two variables

31
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis and when is it used?

A

It is the opposite of the null hypothesis and is used when the null is disproven and rejected

32
Q

Scientific ideas only become accepted when?

A

They have been checked independently

33
Q

What are the three techniques used in animal studies to ensure ethically correctness

A

Replace, reduce and refine

34
Q

In human studies, what things must be put in place ?

A

Informed consent, the right to withdraw data at any time and confidentiality

35
Q

Background information should be?

A

Clear, relevant and unambigious.

36
Q

Statistical tests are used to?

A

Determine whether the differences between the means are likely or unlikely to have occurred by chance.

37
Q

What do error bars do?

A

Indicate the variability of data around the mean.

Advanced Higher Biology (5 decks)

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