3.2 Chronic Disease Flashcards
3.2.1 Hypertension/prehypertension, blood pressure
2003 GUIDELINES: NORMAL<120/80; Hypertension >140/90mgHg.
2017 GUIDELINES: NORMAL <120/80; Hypertension >130/80mgHg
3.2.1 Prevalence Hypertension
High BP is “silent killer.” 75 million americans 29% or 1 in 3 adults have HBP.
60% of people with diabetes also have HBP
3.2.1 Hypertension greatly increases risk of what?
heart disease and stroke (1st and 5th leading causes of death in US)
3.2.1 Hypertension recommendations
1) Get BP checked regularly; 2) Maintain healthy weight; 3) eat a healthy diet (DASH! diet low in salt, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol, high fresh fruit/veg);
4) Be active; 5) Limit alcohol use; 6) prevent/treat diabetes; and 7) Do not smoke!
3.2.1 Blood Pressure Systolic versus Diastolic
Systolic=maximum pressure heart exerts while beating. Diastolic=amount of pressure in your arteries between beats.
Most studies show a greater risk of stroke and heart disease related to higher systolic.
3.2.2 Diabetes/pre-diabetes, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c
Type 1: autoimmune, body stops making insulin, no prevention no cure; 5-10% of people with diabetes; symptoms develop quickly.
Type 2: body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels; 90-95%; develops over years, can be prevented/delayed.
Gestational: during pregnancy, usually goes away
from CDC
3.2.2 Type 2 Diabetes/pre-diabetes risk factors
Have prediabetes
Are overweight
Are 45 years or older
Have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes
Are physically active less than 3 times a week
Ever had gestational diabetes or birth to a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds
Are African American, Hispanic/Latino American, American Indian, or Alaska Native per CDC
3.2.2 Hemoglobin A1C and blood glucose tests
NORMAL: A1C<5.7%; Fasting<99mg/dL; OGTT<140
Type 2 D: A1C>6.5%; Fasting>126mg/dL;
OGTT or Random >200
3.2.2 Diabetes recommendations
You can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes with simple, proven lifestyle changes such as losing weight if you’re overweight, eating healthier, and getting regular physical activity. (CDC) also stress management
3.2.2 Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes
Urinate (pee) a lot, often at night
Are very thirsty
Lose weight without trying
Are very hungry
Have blurry vision
Have numb or tingling hands or feet
Feel very tired
Have very dry skin
Have sores that heal slowly
Have more infections than usual
3.2.2 describe hypoglycemia
too much insulin, low sugar in blood (less than 75mg/dL). Shakiness, dizziness - syncope, coma, death
3.2.3 Overweight & obesity, BMI classifications
Underweight <18.5; Normal 18.5-24.9; Overweight 25-29; Obese >30
BMI = kg/meters squared
Problems with BMI for body builders & some ethnic groups (re: muscle weight!) Screening only, never diagnostic.
3.2.3 Consequences of Obesity
all causes of death; hypertension; dislipidemia; type 2 diabetes; heart disease; stroke; gallbladder disease; osteoarthritis; sleep apnea/breathing problems; some cancers; low quality of life; mental illness; body pain
3.2.3 Overweight Risks - with increases with BMI & Waist circumference
greater risk for Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease
3.2.3 Overweight & obesity prevalence
39.8% or 93.3 million US adults 2015-2016.
Hispanics 47%; non-hispanic blacks 46.8%
Non-hispanic whites 37.9%; Asians 12.7%
Highest age group 40-59 years 42.8%
