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A-level biology AQA > 3.2 cells > Flashcards

3.2 cells Flashcards

spec 3.2

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1
Q

what is the ultrastructure of a cell

A

structure is a cell only visible through an electron microscope

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2
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

linear DNA

wrapped around a histone protein to make chromosomes

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3
Q

what is the double membrane of the nucleus called?

A

nuclear envelope

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4
Q

what are nuclear pores

A

gaps in the nuclear envelope for substances to pass through e.g.. mRNA

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5
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

smaller bit inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes

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6
Q

what makes ribosomes?

A

the nucleolus

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7
Q

what do mitochondria do

A

conduct respiration

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8
Q

what is produced in respiration?

A

ATP molecules

not just energy!!!!

energy is stored in atp molecules

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9
Q

this is why scientists think that it could have evolved from cells

what does mitichondrie also contain?

A

small pieces of DNA and ribosomes

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10
Q

what dont ribosomes have that mitochondria have?

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

what do proteins do?

A

conduct protein synthesis

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12
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

rough and smooth

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13
Q

what makes the rough ER rough

A

ribosomes

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14
Q

what does the RER produce?

A

proteins

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15
Q

what does the smooth ER produce?

A

lipids, carbs and steroids

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16
Q

what is the ER attatched to?

A

the nuclear envolope

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17
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do?

A

modifies and packages proteins

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18
Q

what does the golgi package proteind into?

A

vesicles

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19
Q

what are vesicles produced by?

A

golgi apparatus

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20
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

membrabe sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

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21
Q

what do hydrolytic enzymes do?

A

break down waste using water

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22
Q

what does the centrioles do?

A

organises the spindle during cell division

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23
Q

where are membrane bound organelle found?

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS ONLY!!!!!!

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24
Q

what types of cells is the nucleus found in

A

animal
plant

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25
Q

what types of cell is the mitochondria found in

A

plant
animal

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26
Q

what type of cells have the plasma membrane

A

plant
animal
bacteria

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27
Q

what types of cells have ribosimes

A

plant
animal
bacteria

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28
Q

what type of cells has the endoplasmic reticulum

A

plant
animal

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29
Q

what type of cells has the golgi apparattus

A

plant
animal

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30
Q

waht type of cells have lysosomes

A

animal

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31
Q

what type of cells has cenrioles

A

animal

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32
Q

what type of cells has cytoskelenton

A

animal

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33
Q

what do chloroplasts do

A

conduct photosynthesis

34
Q

what do chloroplasts produce

A

ATP

35
Q

do chloroplasts have a double or single membrane?

A

double

36
Q

suggests that chloroplasts might have evolved from cells

what do chloroplasts also contain?

A

small bits of DNA and ribosomes

37
Q

the permanent vacuole does what?

(2 points)

A

contains sap
provides support for the cell

38
Q

the membrane of the permanent vacuole is called what?

A

tonoplast

39
Q

what is the cell wall made of

be specific

A

polysaccharide cellulose

40
Q

how is the cell wall strengthened

A

through microfibrils

41
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A

provides structure and support

42
Q

what are the channels across cell walls called?

A

plasmodesmata

43
Q

grows on a fish tank

what other orgainism also has a cellulose cell wall

A

Algea

44
Q

what is a fungi’s cell wall made from?

A

chitin

45
Q

what cells have chloroplasts

A

plant

46
Q

what cells have a permanent vacuole

A

plant

47
Q

what cells have a cellulose cell wall

A

plant

48
Q

what cell walls are made of murein?

A

bacteria cell walls

49
Q

what cells have plasmodesmata’s?

A

plant

50
Q

what is the definition for a tissue

A

cells from a common origin that perform a specific function

51
Q

specialized cells are adapted for a …

A

specialized function

52
Q

______ cells contain more mitochondria

A

muscle

53
Q

alveoli are adapted to have …

A

a higher surface area

54
Q

liver cells produce lots of enzymes so have more …

(2 organelles)

A
55
Q

what cell is smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

56
Q

true or false: prokaryotic cells contain lots of membrane bound organelles

A

false they don’t contain any membrane bound organelle

57
Q

which cell has smaller ribosomes?

(eukaryotic or prokaryotic)

A

prokaryotic

58
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

a small loop of DNA separate from the main circular but of DNA

59
Q

what organelle can be passed between bacteria?

A

plasmids

60
Q

what are pili responsible for?

A

attachment and communication

eg passsing plasmids between bacteria

61
Q

what does the slime capsule do?

(2 details)

A

protects cell from immune system of organisms
protects cells from drying out

62
Q

what does the flagellum allow for?

A

movement

63
Q

what are the five things that all bacteia have?

A

cell wall
cell-surface membrane
cytoplasm
circular DNA
Ribosomes

64
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no

65
Q

how do viruses replicate

A

use host cells

66
Q

what is the envelope of a virus made of?

A

Phospholipids

67
Q

what are the two types of genetic information that a virus holds

A

RNA
DNA

68
Q

what protects the genetic information of a virus

A

capsid

69
Q

how do viruses attach to cells?

what binds to what

A

attachment proteins bind to cell receptors

70
Q

what are the three things all viruses have?

A

genetic information
attatchement proteins
capsid

71
Q

how do you work out the smallest resolution for a microscope?

A

wavelength divided by 2

72
Q
A
73
Q

which microscope is cheaper?

A

optical

74
Q

which microscope has a higher resolution?

A

electron

75
Q

which microscope must have dead specimins?

A

electron

76
Q

what are artifacts?

A

where the heavy metal stain is applied incorrectly so that the stain appears to mark structures that arent there

77
Q

what are the two types of electron microscope

A

transmission eelectron microscope
scanning electron micriscope

78
Q

which electron microscope creates a 3D image

A

SEM

79
Q

which electron microscope has a higher magnification and resolution?

A

TEM

80
Q

what are two disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

cant observe live specemins
images are in black and white

81
Q

whats an advantage of SEM

A

3D image is produced

A-level biology AQA (2 decks)

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