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A-level biology AQA > 3.1 biological molecules > Flashcards

3.1 biological molecules Flashcards

spec 3.1

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1
Q

what are the 5 key molecules for living things?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
water

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2
Q

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are all what type of molecule?

A

Organic

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3
Q

what must all organic molecules contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

an example of a carbohydrate molecule is glucose

what bond do carbohydrtes form and what type of bond is it?

2nd answer- type of bond eg. ionic

1st answer -name of bond

A

they form a glycosidic bond
(which is covelant)

glucosidic is the covelant bond between an oxygen (taken from a hydroxide group) and a carbon from each glucose molecule (two)

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5
Q

what type of bonds do lipids form?

eg. glycosidic

A

ester bond

The -OH group from the carboxylic acid will pull the H proton from an alcohol and form a water molecule. From there, the resulting positive and negative molecules will attract each other and form a strong ester bond.

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6
Q

what type of bonds are proteins made of?

eg. glycosidic

A

peptide bonds

because proteins are polypeptides

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7
Q

what bonds are nucleic acids made from?

A

phosphodiester bonds

two (OH) groups form two ester bonds with other (OH) on other molecules

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8
Q

whats an example of a carbohydrate?

A

starch

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9
Q

proteins can fold into specific shapes

whats an example of protein

A

enzymes eg. lipase

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10
Q

give an example of a lipid

A

tryglyceride

three fatty acids + glycerol

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11
Q

think about a nucleus (and whats inside)

whats an example of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA

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12
Q

what is the symbol equasion for water?

A

H20

obviously the 2 is supposed to be little

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13
Q

how many bonds does carbon form?

A

4

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14
Q

think about shapes

why is the number of bonds carbon can form significant?

A

it allows it to make chains, branched cahins or loops

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15
Q

what is a macromolecule?

A

a verry large molecule
1000+ atoms

remember they are not always polymers

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16
Q

are all macromolecules polymers?
why?

A

no
some macromolecules dont always have repeting units like polymers do

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17
Q

condensation = water

what happens in a condensation reaction?

state products

A

a polymer is formed
water is produced

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18
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaking down polymers using water

hydro = water lysis = to break down

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19
Q

whats the formular for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

obviously the numbers are supposed to be little

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20
Q

what are three molecule glucose forms?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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21
Q

what are the two types of starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

22
Q

what are some features of amylose?

4 points

A
  • it is unbranched
  • has a helix structure
  • forms 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • made of alpha glucose
23
Q

what are some feature of amylopectin?

3 points

A
  • branched molecule
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds ** and** 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • made of alpha glucose
24
Q

think about branches

which starch molecule is easier to hydrolyse?

amylose or amylopectin

A

amylopectin

because it is less condense and has more branches

25
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

alpha glucose has a hydroxide at the top
beta glucose has a hydroxide at the bottom

26
Q

in a aqeouse solution glucose forms a *what *shape

A

ring

27
Q

poly…

glycogen, starch and cellulose are all examples of…

A

polysaccharides

28
Q

cellulose and starch are found in…

A

plants

29
Q

glycogen is found in…

(2 things)

A

animal and fungi

30
Q

name features of glycogen

(3 points)

A
  • has lots of branches
  • made from alpha glucose
  • doems 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
31
Q

name features of cellulose

( points)

A
  • forms straight chains
  • made of beta glucose
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • forms hydrogen bonds between layers
32
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

33
Q

a single sugar monomer is a

A

monosaccharide

34
Q

monosaccharides make …

A

disaccharides and polysaccharides

35
Q

makes glycogen and starch

what is the most commoon monosaccharide

A

glucose

36
Q

what are disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides

37
Q

how are monosaccharides joined

what type of bond

A

by glycosidic bonds

38
Q

what monosaccharides make maltose

A

alpha glucose

39
Q

where is maltose typically found

A

germinating seeds

40
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

41
Q

where is lactose found

A

mammal milk

42
Q

where is sucrose found

A

sugar canes

43
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

glucose and galactose

44
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

polymer made of monosaccharides

45
Q

where is glucagon found

A

stores in animals and fungi

46
Q

whre is cellulose found

A

cell walls

47
Q

where is starch found

A

glucose store in plants

48
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is formed when a polymer of glucose branches?

A

1,6 glycosidic bond

49
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

a compound amde of an organic base, ribose sugar linked to a phosphate group

50
Q

what is a hexose sugar

A

a sugar made of six carbons

51
Q

what is an isomer

A

two or more compounds with the same fomularbut different arangements

such as alpha glucose and beta glucose

this causes them to have different proporties

A-level biology AQA (2 decks)

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