3.1.4 Proteins Flashcards
What are the monomers of proteins ?
Amino acids
Why are they called amino acids ?
They have both amino groups and acid groups, which
have opposite charges.
How many different amino acids are there ?
20
How are polypeptides formed and what chemical bond is formed ?
Polypeptides are formed via condensation reactions between the amine group of one
amino acid and the carboxyl group of another , A molecule of water is released during reaction. The bonds formed between amino
acids are called peptide bonds. The reverse reaction happens during digestion.
What is the sequence of an amino acids in a polypeptide determined by ?
The sequence of the
genetic code on mRNA being translated in the ribosomes.
Draw the general structure of an amino acid
Amino acids have a central asymmetric carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl
group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) are attached
How do you test for proteins ?
Using the biuret test
‒ The test solution needs to be alkaline, so you first need to add sodium or
potassium hydroxide solution.
‒ Next you add a few drops of copper sulfate solution.
‒ If protein is present, the solution turns purple. If there is no protein, it will remain
blue
Define the primary structure
The unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is its primary structure
Define the secondary structure
Folding of primary structure
The secondary structure is held together by hydrogen bonds between the
carboxyl groups and the amino groups in the polypeptide backbone.
What are the two polypeptide structures ?
Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet
How is the alpha helix held together ?
hydrogen bonds running parallel with the long helical
axis
How is the tertiary structure formed and what bonds are involved ?
The tertiary structure is held together by
bonds between the R groups of the amino acids in the protein, and so depends on what
the sequence of amino acids is. There are three kinds of bonds involved:
1. Hydrogen bonds, which are weak.
2. Ionic bonds between R-groups with positive or negative charges, which are quite
strong.
3. sulphur bridges - covalent S-S bonds between two cysteine amino acids, which are
strong.
How is the quaternary structure formed ?
some proteins are formed from several polypeptides, also known as subunits,
and the interaction of these subunits forms the quaternary structure
How do we identify and separate amino acids ?
Using thin layer chromatography
Describe the method of thin layer chromatography
Preparation of Container:
Fill container with chromatography solvent to a depth of 2 cm.
Seal container to allow solvent to saturate the atmosphere, preventing evaporation.
Preparation of Chromatography Paper:
Draw a pencil line slightly more than 2 cm from the bottom.
Mark small crosses on the line for amino acid spots.
Application of Amino Acids:
Apply amino acid spot using a capillary tube (spot ≤ 2 mm in diameter).
Dry the spot with a hair dryer and reapply to build a concentrated dot.
Label the amino acids with pencil below each spot.
Running the Chromatogram:
Place the chromatography paper in the container without submerging the line.
Allow solvent to rise by capillary action, carrying amino acids at different rates.
Finishing the Chromatogram:
Remove paper when solvent nearly reaches the top and mark the solvent front.
Dry the chromatogram in a fume cupboard and spray with ninhydrin.
Observe and note purple spots indicating the positions of amino acids.