314 - MT1 Flashcards
WHO definition of Health
- definition
- aspects of wellness (3)
- complete state of physical well-being; not merely absence of disease/infirmity
- physical, mental and social aspects
health psychology
- definition
- goals (4)
- psychological influences on how ppl stay healthy, why ppl become ill, and how ppl behave when ill
- promote and maintain health
- prevent and treat illness
- identify causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction
- analyze and improve healthcare systems and health policy
psychology contributions
- health promotion and maintenance (2)
- illness prevention and treatment (3)
- identification of etiologic (causes) and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and dysfunction (3)
- improvement of healthcare systems/policy (2)
scientific, educational and professional contributions
- health promotion and maintenance
- encourage healthy eating habits in children
- promote physical activity - illness prevention and treatment
- prevent common diseases (CVD, cancer, diabetes
- effective ways to cope w chronic disease and influence illness trajectories
eg. prevent COVID-19 transmission: wash hands, distancing, face mask, etc - identification of etiologic (causes) and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and dysfunction
- does social isolation inc risk of disease
- does stress alter susceptibility to infections - improvement of healthcare systems/policy
- what impact do health institutions have on people’s behaviours
- how can we improve the communication between patients and providers
Patient-provider communication importance: airplane story
- Atlanta man had rare tuberculosis (very contagious) and travelled on 2 commercial air flights which could have possibly exposed passengers to infection
- CDC told him to wait in isolation but he decided to take early flight because he didn’t want to miss his wedding, then he thought he was in trouble so he ran away on another flight
- CDC worked with the airlines to contact him and test the passengers near him
- luckily, his tuberculosis was not at the stage where it would spread
Bonnie Henry
public health messaging for COVID
- she answers the public’s questions for an hour every single day so people will understand what is at stake and do the right thing
leading causes of death in canada
- susceptibility
- life expectancy
- gender gap
- inuit
- cancer (29.9), CVD (19.7%), accidents (4.4%), etc
- susceptibility to disease/life expectancy are not evenly distributed»_space; psychosocial aspects matter!
- life expectancy: growing due to medical discoveries, hygiene, etc. and differs depending on socioeconomic status (less well off ppl have a shorter life expectancy)
- gender gap: women tend to outlive men (gap is narrowing)»_space; bigger gap in socioeconomic status (low vs high) for men (5yrs) than women (2yrs)»_space; stress hormones take a toll
- 15% diff between inuit (male) life expectancy and total expectancy »_space; stress and resources play a huge roll»_space; NOT just some biological difference
health behaviours
- promoting behaviours
- compromising behaviours
promoting: physical activity, fruit/veg consumption (at least 5 times daily»_space; women eat more than men, but still not even 50% meet guidelines)
compromising: smoking, alc consumption, poor eating habits, obesity
smoking ads (1960s)
- promotions
- health intervention
- age groups
- distribution
- doctors recommended smoking, athlete-endorsed
- successful health intervention!»_space; found out smoking is an issue to health and ti decreased significantly in the last 15 yrs (but ~20% of popn still smokes)
- w/in each age group there are differences»_space; ppl my age represented a lot :(
- smoking not evenly distributed w/in Canada
(15. 8% BC, 59.7% Nunavut)
physical activity
- benefits
- intervention
- guidelines
- physical activity has great health benefits»_space; extends lifespan
- unsuccessful intervention»_space; no change in phys activity»_space; ~50% meet activity guidelines (150 mins per week, 10 min duration)
sugar-rich diets
- 60s
- struggle to limit
- obesity rate, Canada’s rank
- differences (3)
- in the 60s ppl would give toddlers soda
- even though there is very solid evidence that sugar consumption is bad, it’s still a struggle to limit consumption (like tobacco/smoking) since outcomes don’t impact others like second-hand smoking does
- obesity has a clear upward trend (inc changes of CVD and diabetes)
- Canada is in the middle in terms of obesity rates
- different food culture, public healthcare, and transportation (eg. more walking = lower obesity rates)
alcohol consumption
- inc?
- risk
- inc significantly during COIVD»_space; not evenly distributed
- alc consump can put people at risk (drunk driving)
demographic changes
- projections
- demographic
- senior homes
- projections show drastic inc in age demographic (eg. in 2050)»_space; worry about how to distribute healthcare resources (most spent on older ppl 80+) and promote health/wellbeing (will reduce amt of money spent on chronic illnesses
- demographic used to look like a population pyramid (baby boomers at the bottom) but in 2050 it will look like a vase kind of thing (bigger at the top, skinny at the bottom)
- senior home care support in BC is at breaking point
successful aging (3)
psychosocial factors
- maximize number of years spent in good health
- promote active engagement w/life
- foster independence
mind body relationship
- holism (priests)
- dualism
- current views
holism: mind and body are same system
- priests = physicians»_space; treat mind
dualism: mind and body are 2 separate systems
current views: psychology and medicine initially embraced dualism, but we now know that psychological variables contribute to physical health
Ancient Greeks
- they recognized lifestyle factors shape wellbeing»_space; if sick, go for a walk, eat well, etc.
- Plato first suggested that the mind and body are separate
Humoral Theory
- polished by?
- 4 humors (what are humors, what are the diff types, unbalance?)
- Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory which was later expanded by Galen»_space; what happens in the mind affects the body
4 humors (circulating fluids in the body)»_space; if one dominated problems arose, but if all harmonious you would be healthy
- yellow bile: choleric (bad tempered), chronically irritable and angry (Type A personality)
- black bile: sad, melancholic, depressive
- blood: sanguine (optimistic), cheerful, positive
- phlegm: calm, listless
Middle Ages
- disease = punishment (dogma) from God (for ill-doing)
- cure = torture evil out and do penance later
- healing = priests realm»_space; influence of church slowed medical knowledge
Renaissance
- dualistic concept of mind and body (14th -15th centuries)
- breaking away from superstitions of the past centuries (catholic thinking)
- theologians, priests, philosophers would deal with the mind, and physicians would heal the body
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes believed that the mind and the body are separate entities, but can communicate via the pineal gland»_space; body is like a machine that must obey laws of physics
Technological strides
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Giovanni Morgagni
- Medicine
- rejected humoral theory for new theories
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: microscopy»_space; bacteria, blood cells, identified infectious diseases
- Giovanni Morgagni: autopsies»_space; atlas of anatomy
- Medicine: looked more to lab/scientific discoveries and less to mind
Germ Theory
- cause of disease
- magic bullet
- in the 19th century, microorganisms (pneumonia, food poisoning) were discovered as cause of disease
- emphasis on biology as a sole cause of disease
» searched for “magic bullet” (antibiotic to get rid of all illnesses»_space; penicillin!»_space; found from a mold by Alexander Fleming
The biomedical model
- focused on illness»_space; dominant model for past 300 years
- all illness can be explained by biological malfunction or physiological disturbance (eg. injury, biochemical imbalance, infections, etc)
- said that psychological/social processes are independent of disease (disease = affliction of the body)
biopsychosocial model
- fundamental assumption
- discovery»_space; caused what?
- prevalent causes of death
- implications (2)
- fundamental assumption: health or disease is the consequence of the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors
- discovery of microorganisms and the resultant development of antibiotics (as well as clean water and nutrition) led to a decrease in causes of death due to infectious agents
- the most prevalent causes of death are no longer infectious or acute conditions (eg. respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, gastroenteritis aka diarrhea)
Implications:
- diagnosis and treatment must consider interactions
- relationship between patient and healthcare practitioner is important for the delivery of care (full circle»_space; back to Greek way of thinking)
acute disorders (examples = 2)
chronic disorders (examples = 3)
- stat?
- reasons for chronic illness increase (3)
acute: short term medical illnesses eg. diarrhea, pneumonia
chronic: slow-developing, persistent diseases, often cannot be cured, only managed, psychosocial factors often involved»_space; cause of 60% of deaths today
eg. degenerative illnesses (heart disease, cancer, stroke)
- people are living longer and chronic illnesses are more likely to affect older people
- increased exposure to harmful chemicals (industrialization)
- more rapid inc in low income/developing nations