3.1.2 - Movement analysis

Question 1

What are the three aspects to a lever?

Answer 1

• Fulcrum
• Load
• Effort

Question 2

Give the rhyme that helps to remember the placement of the linear version of a lever.

Answer 2

1, 2, 3, F, L, E

Question 3

What is the ‘fulcrum’?

Answer 3

The part of the lever system that pivots. Joints are the fulcrums in the body’s lever systems.

Question 4

What does the term ‘load’ mean?

Answer 4

The load to be moved by a lever system. Usually this involves weight when the body’s lever systems are involved.

i.e. a body part plus anything held or resistance met.

Question 5

What does the term ‘effort’ mean?

Answer 5

The force applied to move the resistance or weight, in the body. The effort is provided by muscles exerting a force.

Question 6

Give an example of a first class lever.

Answer 6

The fulcrum is in between the effort and resistance. An example of a first class lever in the human body is the way the triceps muscle of the arm acts during extension. An application to a sporting situation is a throw-in during football.

Question 7

Give an example of a second class lever.

Answer 7

The fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at the other end. The resistance lies in the middle of the effort and the fulcrum.

An example within the human body would be at the ankle joint. The fulcrum is the ball of the foot, the effort being the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle. The resistance then would be the weight of the person.

Question 8

Give an example of a third class lever.

Answer 8

An example of a third class lever in the human body is the biceps muscle in the arm acting on the elbow joint to move a resistance in the hand. The fulcrum is on the end (pivot), with the effort just inside which enables the ability to lift the resistance.

The movement specifically can be reffered to as a bicep curl.

Question 9

What is the equation for mechanical advantage?

Answer 9

Mechanical Advantage = effort arm divided by the resistance arm.

Question 10

What is mechanical advantage?

Answer 10

The beneficial to a lever system of having either a short effort arm - giving rapid movements over a large range of movement - or a short resistance arm - giving the advantage of being able to move a heavy weight.

Question 11

Name the seven types of movement.

Answer 11

Flexion / Extension at the shoulder, eblow, hip and knee.
Adduction / Abduction at the shoulder
Rotation of the shoulder
Plantar flexion / dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Question 12

Give a sporting example of extension at the knee.

Answer 12

Straigtening of the knee joint when kicking a football.

Question 13

Give a sporting example of flexion at the knee.

Answer 13

Bending of the knee joint in the preparation phase of kicking a football.

Question 14

Give a sporting example of extention at the elbow.

Answer 14

Straightening of the elbow joint when shooting in basketball.

Question 15

Give a sporting example of flexion at the elbow.

Answer 15

Bending of the elbow joint when preparing to shoot the basketball.

Question 16

Give a sporting example of flexion/extension at the hip.

Answer 16

During kicking a football, when the legs moves forward to kick a ball the hip flexes (angle reduces). When the leg moves further backwards behind the body, the hip extends.

Question 17

Give a sporting example of when abduction of the legs would occur.

Answer 17

During a cartwheel in gymnastics, when the legs moves sidewards away from the midline of the body.

Question 18

Give a sporting example of when rotation at the shoulder would occur.

Answer 18

A cricket bowler, as his shoulders moves around in a circular motion. This has a large range of movement and allows for a high level of speed to be created.

Question 19

Give a sporting example of when plantar flexion would occur.

Answer 19

During long jump and the take-off phase, the athlete points his/her toe towards to the floor to propel themselves upwards.

Question 20

Name the three planes of movement.

Answer 20

1. Frontal
2. Transverse
3. Sagittal

Question 21

Name the three axes of movement.

Answer 21

1. Sagittal
2. Frontal
3. Vertical

Question 22

Describe the movement that occurs in the sagittal plane, whilst providing a sporting example which demonstrates this.

Answer 22

Forward and backwards movements occur in the sagittal plane. An example of movement in this plane would be running.

Question 23

Describe the movement that occurs in the frontal plane, whilst providing a sporting example which demonstrate this.

Answer 23

Side to side movements occur in the frontal plane. An example of movement in this plane would be a cartwheel.

Question 24

Describe the movement that occurs in the transverse plane, whilst providing a sporting example which demonstrate this.

Answer 24

Rotational or turning movements occur in the transverse plane. An example of movement in this plane would be a ice skater performing a 360 degree twist/spin.

Question 25

Describe the movement in which the frontal axis rotates.

Answer 25

The frontal axis passes through horizontally through the body from left to right. This allows for movements such as flexion and extension to occur, and rotation such as forward rolls and front somersaults.

Question 26

Describe the movement in which the sagittal axis rotates.

Answer 26

The sagittal axis passes horizontally through the body from back to front. This allows side ways rotation, such as a cartwheel. These specific movements are abduction and adduction.

Question 27

Describe the movement in which the vertical axis rotates.

Answer 27

The vertical axis passes vertically from the top of the body to the feet. This allows rotation to take place, specifically 360 degree twists/spin.

Question 28

When a performer runs during a 100m sprint, through which plane and in what axis do their legs move?

Answer 28

Plane: Sagittal Plane
Axis: Frontal Axis

Question 29

When a hammer thrower performs their throw, in which plane and in what axis does their movement occur?

Answer 29

Plane: Transverse Plane
Axis: Vertical Axis

Question 30

As part of a training programme a performer completes star jumps. In which plane and in what axis are these movements performed?

Answer 30

Plane: Frontal Plane
Axis: Sagittal Axis

Question 31

During shoulder flexion, which muscle is the agonist (causes the movement) and what is the antagonist?

Answer 31

Agonist: Deltoid
Antagonist: Latissimus dorsi

Question 32

During shoulder extension, which muscle is the agonist and what is the antagonist?

Answer 32

Agonist: Latissimus dorsi
Antagonist: Deltoid

Question 33

Name the movement caused by the triceps at the elbow.

Answer 33

The movement extension is caused by the triceps.

Question 34

What is the agonist and antagonist of a footballer when they extend their knee joint to kick a football.

Answer 34

Agonsit: Quadricep
Antagonist: Hamstring

Question 35

What type of muscle contraction is occuring during the downward phase of a push-up? Name the main agonist.

Answer 35

Eccentric muscle contraction (muscle lengthens), part of isotonic muscular contractions
Triceps muscle group

Question 36

What muscles are the agonist (cause movement) and antagonist (relax) when flexing your hip?

Answer 36

Agonist: Hip flexors
Antagonist: Gluteals

Question 37

What muscles are the agonist and antagonist when plantar flexing your ankle?

Plantar flexion: Pointing your toes down to the ground

Answer 37

Agonist: Gastrocnemius
Antagonist: Tibialis anterior

Question 38

What muscles are the agonist and antagonist when dorsiflexing your ankle?

Dorsiflexion (pointing your toes upwards)

Answer 38

Agonist: Tibialis anterior
Antagonist: Gastrocnemius