Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Module 3 > 3.1.2 > Flashcards

3.1.2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three functions of specialised transport systems?

A
  • Molecules made in one place needed in another (hormones)
  • food is digested in one organ system but needs to be transported to every cell needed in respiration
  • waste products need to be removed and transported to excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do you most circulatory systems have? Name three components

A
  • Liquid transport medium
  • vessels (they carry the transport medium)
  • a pumping mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a mass transport system?

A

Substances are transported in a muscle fluid with a mechanism for moving the fluid around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in an open circulatory system?

A

From the heart to body cavity (haemocoel)
Transport medium is on the low pressure he comes in direct contact with tissues and cells and returns to the heart to open and vessels
(insects and molluscs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is haemocel?

A

An open body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is haemolymph?

A

An insect blood that doesn’t carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

-it transports food and nitrogen is waste and cells involved in defence against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

-Blood is enclosed in blood vessels and most contain a pigment that carries respiratory gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in a single circulatory system (closed)?

A

Blood is pumped out and travels around once before returning to heart (passes two sets of capillaries)

  • 1st one: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • 2nd one: blood pressure drops of it returns to the heart slowly (limiting activity levels)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are fish an exception to having limited activity levels?

A

They have counter current gas exchange mechanism in gills that allows them to take on a lot of oxygen

  • their weight is supported by water
  • they don’t need to maintain their own temperature so metabolic demands are reduced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in a double circulartory system (closed)?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs (drop off CO2, pick up O2)
Then from the heart to the body and the back
Blood travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high-pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two exceptions carry deoxygenated blood (in terms of arteries)? And from where to where?

A

-Pulmonary artery (heart to lungs)

– umbilical artery (fetus to placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the artery walls made of?

A
  • Elastic fibres: withstand large force, stretch to take large volumes of blood. They recoil between contractions to even out blood searches
  • Endothelium: Smooth lining so blood can flow easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Link the arteries and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference in structure between arterioles and arteries?

A

They have more smooth-muscle

Less elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the arteriole when it contracts, what’s it called?

A

It constricts the vessel to prevent blood from flowing into the capillaries
Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to the arteriole when it relaxes?

A

Blood flows through it into the capillary bed

Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Link the arterioles to the venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are adaptations of the capillaries?

A
  • Large surface area for diffusion
  • cross-sectional area is larger than that of the arteriole That is supplying it so that the rate of flow drops (gives more time for exchange of materials)
  • one cell thick walls thin-layer for diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How thin is the lumen in capillaries?

A

So thin that red blood cells travel in single file

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood away from cells back to the heart (Deoxygenated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What two vein exceptions carry oxygenated blood?

A
  • Pulmonary vein (lungs to heart)

- umbilical vein (placenta to fetus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does deoxygenated blood flow from the capillaries to the heart?

A

From the capillaries to the venules to the larger veins to the two main vessels that carry blood back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two main vessels that carry blood back to the heart?

A
  • Inferior vena cava: from the lower body

- superior vena cava: from head and upper body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the features of veins

A

-Lots of collagen
Little elastic fibre
-wide lumen
-thin lining (endothelium) smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are veins A large reservoir of blood?

A

Because they don’t have a pulse and heart surgeons are lost in capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do venules do?

A

Link capillaries to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do venules look like and how do they form a vein?

A

Thin walls
Little smooth muscle
Several join to make a vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What adaptations help the blood move against gravity?

A
  • One-way valves
  • chest breathing movements are a pump
  • bigger veins between big active muscles (contract squeezing veins forcing blood back to heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is blood formed of?

A
  • Plasma (55%) yellow liquid that carries other components
  • glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, hormones
  • large plasma protein
  • Erythrocytes/ neutrophils and leukocytes
  • platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are three plasma proteins and what are their functions?

A
  • Albumin: Maintaining osmotic potential
  • fibrinogen: blood clotting
  • globulins: transport and immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are platelets?

A

fragments of large cells called Metakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are seven functions of the blood?

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide (to and from respiring cells)
  • Digested food (from small intestine)
  • Nitrogenous waste (from cells to excretory organs)
  • cells and antibodies (immune response)
  • food molecules (storage compound to cells)
  • maintain body temperature
  • a buffer (minimise pH changes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is tissue fluid and where is it found?

A

It’s the same as blood plasma without erythrocytes and plasma proteins
It fills the spaces between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do large plasma proteins such as albumin do? Be specific

A

They have an osmotic effect giving blood a high salt potential and low water potential so water tends to move in (oncotic pressure = -3.3 kPa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens at the arterial end of a capillary?

A

Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out (at around 4.6 kPa)

It’s higher than oncotic pressure so the fluid is squeezed out of the capillaries

37
Q

What happens to the balance of forces as blood moves towards the venous system?

A

Hydrostatic pressure falls to 2.3 kPa (because fluid moves out and the pulse is lost)
Oncotic pressure stays the same and is stronger than H.pressure so water moves back in

38
Q

By the time blood returns to the veins what has happened to it in terms of tissue fluid?

A

90% of the tissue fluid is back in the blood vessels

39
Q

What happens to the remaining 10% of the tissue fluid?

A

It leaves the blood vessels and drains into the system of blind ended tubes

40
Q

What are blind ended tubes called?

A

Lymph capillaries

41
Q

What is lymph composed of?

A

Similar composition as plasma and tissue fluid

  • less oxygen and nutrients
  • has fatty acids that have been absorbed from the villi
42
Q

What adaptations do Lymph capillaries have and how does length return to the blood?

A

They have a one-way valves to stop backflow

Returns to blood by flowing into right and left subclavian veins

43
Q

Where are major lymph vessels found and what is another name for them?

A

Neck, armpits, stomach, groin

Lymph-node

44
Q

What do you lymphocytes do?

A

Then build up when necessary and make antibodies.
They intercept bacteria and other debris so that it can be ingested by phagocytes
When lymph nodes are enlarged it means that the body is fighting and invading pathogen

45
Q

The heart has two pumps what does this mean for the two types of blood?

A
  • Deoxygenated flows to the right side and is pumped from the heart to the lungs
  • oxygenated blood flows to the left side from the lungs then is pumped to the rest of the body
46
Q

How does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Through Superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium

47
Q

How does Deoxygenated blood flow through the heart?

A

Pressure builds up until the atrioventricular valve (triscupid valve) Opens and let’s go to the right ventricle.
When the atrium and ventricle fill up the Atrium contracts forcing all of the blood into the right ventricle (as the right ventricle contracts the triscupid valve closes- stop back flow)
When the right ventricle fully contracts deoxygenated blood is pumped through the semilunar valves to the pulmonary artery to then be taken to the lungs

48
Q

What makes sure that the valves aren’t turned inside out (in the heart)?

A

Tendinous chords

49
Q

How does oxygenate the blood enter the heart?

A

Through the pulmonary vein it enters the left atrium

50
Q

How does oxygenated blood flow through the heart?

A

Pressure in the atrium builds up that causes the bicuspid valve to open so that the left ventricle can fill up
When they both fill up the Atrium contracts forcing all the blood to the left ventricle
Left ventricle contracts forcing oxygenated blood through the semilunar valves into the aorta to go to the rest of the body

51
Q

What is the difference between the right and the left side of the heart?

A
  • Left side muscle wall is thicker: sufficient force is needed to overcome the resistance of the aorta and atrial systems and to move blood under pressure to all extremities
  • right side only pumps a short distance and only needs to overcome resistance of the pulmonary circulation
52
Q

What is the inner dividing wall and what does it do?

A

Septum

Prevents blood from mixing

53
Q

What is diastole?

A

The heart relaxes

Atria then ventricles fill up volume and pressure of blood in heart builds up but pressure in arteries is low

54
Q

What is systole?

A 
Atria contract (atrial systole) then ventricles contract (ventricular systole)
Leading to a dramatic increase in pressure so blood is forced out of both sides
55
Q

What happens at the end of systole?

A

Heart has low pressure and volume

Arteries have a high-pressure and volume

56
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

It’s myogenic meaning it has its own intrinsic rhythm

57
Q

What does the Sino atrial node do?

A

Begins a wave of electrical excitation causing the atria to contract (initiates heartbeats)

58
Q

What does the layer of nonconducting tissue do?

A

It stops the excitation from passing directly into ventricles

59
Q

What does the atrioventricular node do?

A

Picks up the electrical activity and imposes a delay

Then… Stimulates the bundle of his

60
Q

What is the bundle of his?

A

Conducting tissue made of purkyne fibres

61
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

Penetrates through the septum between the ventricles

And is split into two branches: they conduct a wave of excitation to the apex of the heart

62
Q

What is meant by apex?

A

The bottom of the heart

63
Q

Why do the atria stop contracting before the ventricles have started?

A

-Due to the way the wave of excitation spreads

And AVN delay

64
Q

What happens at the apex and how do the purkyne fibres help?

A

The fibres are spread through the walls of the ventricles

The spread of excitation triggers a contraction of the ventricles starting at the apex

65
Q

Why is it important that the excitation starts at the apex?

A

To allow more efficient emptying of the ventricles

66
Q

How is electrical excitation measured?

A

By the tiny electrical differences in your skin caused by the electrical activity of the heart

67
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate (less than 60 BPM)

  • fit people have it so that heartbeats more efficiently
  • severe bradycardia may need artificial pacemaker
68
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Very rapid heart rate (more than 100 BPM)

  • Normal during exercise/fever/anger/fear
  • if abnormal then medication or surgery is needed
69
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

Where there is either a beat skipped or a bit added
Most have at least one a day
-more frequent lead to serious conditions

70
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Arrhythmia: abnormal rhythm
Rapid electrical impulses up to 400 times a minute
-but they don’t contracts properly and only some of passed on to the ventricle that contract less
This means the heart doesn’t pump blood very effectively

71
Q

Why can erythrocytes carry oxygen?

A

Globular proteins made a 4 peptide chains

Each chain has an iron containing him prosthetic group and each haemoglobin can bond to four O2

72
Q

What is produced when oxygen binds to the haemoglobin? Give a formula

A

Oxy haemoglobin

Hb(O2)4

73
Q

How do red blood cells gain the oxygen?

A

They enter the long capillaries (low level of O2 in the cells)
Therefore a steep concentration
Oxygen moves in and binds with haemoglobin

74
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

When one oxygen molecule binds to a Heem group, the molecule changes shape making it easier for the other oxygen molecules to bind

75
Q

How is it insured that a steep diffusion gradient is maintained? (In red blood cells)

A

Concentration of free oxygen molecules stays low (because the oxygen binds to the haemoglobin)
So there is a steep diffusion gradient until all the haemoglobins are saturated with oxygen

76
Q

How is oxygen released from the red blood cells?

A

Once the red blood cell reaches tissues with a lower O2 volume
O2 moves out
Once one O2 is released the molecule shape changes it makes it easier for other molecules to leave

77
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

Affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

78
Q

What does affinity mean?

A

Tendency to bind to a molecule

79
Q

Compare the affinity for oxygen in the lungs vs the tissues

A

Lungs: high oxygen
Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen so it readily loads
Tissues: low oxygen
Haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen so it’s readily unloads

80
Q

Why is the graph in an S shape?

A

Due to positive cooperation of oxygen binding

The shape of the haemoglobin changes after one oxygen molecule binds to affinity increases dramatically

81
Q

What is the Bohr effect (affect of CO2)?

A

As CO2 increases
PH decreases (haemoglobin changes shape)
Affinity for oxygen decreases
->Decreases the amount of oxygen being unloaded

82
Q

What happens due to fetal haemoglobin?

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen the adult haemoglobin so he removes oxygen from maternal blood
(this is because oxygenated blood from the mother runs close to Deoxygenated fetal blood in the placenta)

83
Q

In what three ways is carbon dioxide transported from tissues to lungs?

A
  • 5% dissolved in plasma
  • 10-20% combined with amino groups in polypeptide chain of haemoglobin (carbohaemoglobin)
  • 75-85% converted to hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3 minus) in red blood cell cytoplasm
84
Q

How is hydrogen carbonate ions formed?

A

CO2 + H2O - > H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Then through the dissociation : H+ ions and hydrogen carbonate ions are formed

85
Q

How is the formation of hydrogen carbonate ions done?

A

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (in RBC cytoplasm)

It’s catalyses there is reversible reaction between Water and carbon dioxide

86
Q

What happens when hydrogen carbonate ions move out of red blood cells? How do they move out of red blood cells.?

A

They move out by diffusion
Chlorine ions move in
This is called chloride shift (to maintain electrical balance of cell)

87
Q

Why is carbon dioxide converted into hydrogen carbonate ions?

A

To help the red blood cells maintain a steep concentration gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse in

88
Q

What happens to The hydrogen carbonate ions once blood reaches lung tissue?

A

Carbonic anhydrase converts the ions back into carbon dioxide and water due to the low concentration
Chlorine ions diffused back out as more hydrogen carbonate diffuse in to be converted

89
Q

How does haemoglobin act as a buffer and what does this mean?

A

Buffer: prevents changes in pH

It does this by accepting free hydrogen ions in a reversible reaction to form haemoglobinic acid

Biology Module 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions