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Biology Module 3 > 3.1.1 > Flashcards

3.1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is only diffusion needed to supply single celled organisms with what it needs?

A
  • Low metabolic activity (low oxygen demand, low carbon dioxide production)
  • large surface area to volume ratio
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2
Q

What are the features for effective exchange surfaces in multicellular organisms? Mention four

A

-Increased surface area (overcomes SA:V limitations)
E.g. root hair cells, villi
-thin layers (diffusion distance is shorter-fast and efficient)
E.g. alveoli, Villi
-Good blood supply (steeper concentration = faster diffusion)
E.g. alveoli, gills, Villi
-Ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient
E.g. alveoli, gills (flow of water carrying dissolved gases)

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3
Q

Name five key structures in the Mammilian gas exchange system.

A 
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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4
Q

What are the adaptations to the nasal cavity and why?

A
  • Large surface area, good blood supply that warms to body temp
  • hairy lining/mucus secretion-traps dust and bacteria to protect the lung tissue from irritation and infection
  • moist surfaces-increased humidity reduce evaporation
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5
Q

What are the adaptations of the trachea and why?

A

-Incomplete rings of strong flexible cartilage-stop trachea from collapsing
-ciliated epithelium (goblet cells and Celia)
Days stop dust at the micro organisms from entering the lungs and music to the throat to be digested

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6
Q

What is the bronchus ?

A

Trachea divides into left and right bronchus (supporting rings of cartilage to a smaller)

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7
Q

Describe the adaptations of the bronchioles and why?

A

Smooth-muscle walls (contract and relax causing construction or dilation) changes amount of air entering
-Lined with flattened epithelium making gaseous exchange possible

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8
Q

What are alveoli made of?

A

Thin flattened epithelial cells with collagen and elastin fibres that allow it to stretch

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9
Q

What is meant by elastic recoil and where does this happen?

A

In the alveoli

When alveoli returns to resting size to help squeeze air out

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10
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli and why?

A
  • Large surface area
  • single cell thick
  • good blood supply
  • good ventilation
  • in a surface is covered in thin layer of water salts and lung surfactant (allows alveoli be allowed to remain inflated)
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11
Q

What is ventilation and what does it cause?

A

Movement of air

It causes pressure changes in the thorax

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12
Q

Where are external and internal intercostal muscles found?

A

Between ribs

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13
Q

Describe the thorax

A

It’s lined with pleural membranes that surround the lungs and pleural cavity (in between)
Filled with thin layer of lubricating fluid so membranes slide easily over each other

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14
Q

What happens during inspiration (inhalation)?

A 
Diaphragm contracts (flattening and lowering)
External intercostal muscles contract (ribs move up and out)
Thorax volume increases, pressure gets reduced
Atmospheric pressure is lower so Air gets drawn in to equalise internal and external pressure
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15
Q

What happens in expiration (Exhalation)?

A

Diaphragm relaxes
External intercostal muscles relax (ribs move down in)
Elastic fibres in alveoli and lungs go back to normal
Thorax volume decreases

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16
Q

What are the three ways of measuring capacity of lungs?

A
  • Peak flow meter
  • Vitalographs
  • Spirometer
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17
Q

What does a peak flow meter do?

A

Measures the rate at which air can be expelled

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18
Q

What do vitalographs do?

A

A more sophisticated version of PFM.
Patient breathes out as fast as possible, graph is produced (how much are they and how fast)
Forced expiratory volume in one second

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19
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

Different aspects of lung volume

Investigate breathing patterns

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20
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air that moves in and out

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21
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Volume of air breathed in when strongest possible exhalation is followed by deepest possible inhalation

22
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximum air breathed in

23
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra air you can force out of the lungs over and above normal tidal volume

24
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air left in lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible
(can’t be measured directly)

25
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Some of the vital capacity and residual volume

26
Q

How do you calculate breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths/ per minute

27
Q

What is ventilation rate and how do you calculate it?

A

Total volume of air inhaled after one minute

Tidal volume X breathing rate (per minute)

28
Q

How does gas exchange happening insects?

A

Directly to cells
Air enters and leaves through spiracles (also can be lost as well)
Spiracles can be opened and closed by sphincters

29
Q

What is the purpose of sphincters and how do they do this?

A

-Maximise gas exchange
-minimise water loss
When in active they remain closed
When oxygen demand is increased or CO2 levels build up more spiracles open

30
Q

What is the order of how gas enters an insect?

A

Through the spiracle to the trachea to the tracheoles which are in the water

31
Q

Describe trachea In insects

A

Lined with chitin spirals that keep them open if bent or pressed
Relatively impermeable so little gas exchange happens here

32
Q

Describe the tracheoles and insects

A

Single elongated cells with no chitin (Therefore permeable)
Where most gas exchange happens between hair and respiring cells
Oxygen dissolves in moisture on the walls so it can diffuse into the surrounding cells

33
Q

What is present towards the end of tracheoles?

A

Trachéal fluid

Its limits the penetration of air for diffusion

34
Q

What happens when there is an increase in lactic acid and the oxygen demand is high?

A

Water moves out of tracheoles by osmosis

Exposing more surface area for gas exchange

35
Q

How is extra oxygen supplied for larger insects?

A

-Mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system.
There is actively pumped by muscular pumping movement of the thorax/abdomen
This changes the pressure forcing air in or out
-collapsible enlarged trachea/air sacks
(air reservoirs)
Usually inflated/deflated by movement of thorax or abdomen

36
Q

Why does water have a slower rate of oxygen diffusion?

A

1000 times denser than air

100 times more viscous

37
Q

What adaptations do gills have?

A
  • Large surface area
  • good blood supply
  • thin layers
38
Q

How is waterflow over gills maintained?

A

Due to the protective operculum (Bony flap)

39
Q

What does the afferent blood vessel do?

A

Brings blood in

40
Q

Where is the main site for gas exchange in bony fish?

A

Gill lamellae

41
Q

What is the function of Gill filaments?

A

There is a flow of water to keep them apart exposing large surface area

42
Q

What is the function of the efferent blood vessel?

A

Carries blood leaving in opposite direction to the incoming water (maintaining a steep concentration gradient)

43
Q

What supports the efferent blood vessel?

A

Bony Gill arch

44
Q

What do cartilagineous fish rely on?

A

Ram ventilation

Insures continual movement to ventilate Gills

45
Q

As bony fish have evolved what happens when their mouths are open?

A

Buccal cavity is lowered,
Volume increases,
Pressure drops (water moves in).
Opercular valve is shut so the cavity expands leading to pressure decrease
The floor of the buccal cavity moves up to increase pressure so water can move from cavity over gills

46
Q

As bony fish have evolved what happens when their mouths are shut?

A

Operculum opens so it’s sides move inwards this increases the pressure in the cavity forcing water over the gills and out of the operculum

47
Q

What adaptations do gills have?

A

-Tips of adjacent Gill filaments overlap
Increases resistance to flow of water slowly go to movement meaning more time for gas exchange
-water moving over gills and blood in Gill filaments flew in different directions
Steep concentration

48
Q

What system do bonyfish have and how much oxygen does it remove?

A

Counter current system

Removes 80% oxygen

49
Q

What system do you cartilagineous fish have and how much oxygen does it remove?

A

Parallel systems

-remove 50% oxygen

50
Q

What happens in a counter current system?

A

Oxygen continues to diffuse down a concentration gradient so a much higher level of oxygen saturation of the blood is achieved

51
Q

What happens in a parallel system?

A

There is an initial steep concentration of oxygen diffusion takes place until oxygen levels are in equilibrium then there is no further net diffusion

Biology Module 3 (3 decks)

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